Interest Groups vs. Social Movements free essay sample

An examination of the objectives and points of intrigue bunches versus social developments, with an attention on explicit open approach qualifications. The accompanying paper inspects the differentiation between intrigue gatherings and social developments which are now and again difficult to recognize. This paper contends that intrigue bunches are typically more barely centered and depend around sorted out supporters of in any case approximately assembled residents inside a bigger social development. Races are formal methodology for picking officials or settling on restricting choices concerning current and future approaches. Decisions are broadly held in private associations, for example, companies, church gatherings, or trade guilds. Open establishments hold decisions to choose officials, to pick delegates, and to settle explicit approach questions. Decisions likewise may happen inside explicit administrative bodies or foundations as, in the United States, when individuals from a state lawmaking body choose a speaker of the house. The conversation that follows, notwithstanding, will concentrate on open races for officials of administrative units or to choose open approach issues. We will compose a custom exposition test on Intrigue Groups versus Social Movements or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Such races usually have a bigger number of people qualified for take part and are a piece of the absolute political procedure inside the administrative framework.

Bone and Joint Histology Free Essays

* It is a particular connective tissue. * Osteogenic cells â‡' osteoblast (makes lattice, dynamic when youthful, and after crack) â‡' osteocyte â‡' osteoclast (works in resorption, breakdown of bone grid) (makes depressions) (from blood monocyte) Bone Functions * Framework for help of the skeleton * Protection: cerebrum, spinal string, lungs and heart * Levers for muscles joined to them by means of ligaments * Reservoir for minerals for example We will compose a custom exposition test on Bone and Joint Histology or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now calcium, magnesium, phosphates and so on. Bone Matrix * Components * Extracellular network (ground substance and strands) comprises of inorganic material (65%) for example calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, fluoride, citrate, sulfate, and hydroxide. * Minerals give bone hardness and unbending nature * Organic part (35%) for the most part type I collagen (95%)- gives bone slight adaptability; and ground substance for example Stiflers with proteoglycans, which contain chondroitin and keratin sulfates which give bone versatility * Development 1. Bone beginnings as osteoid, which is collagen and GAG’s without any minerals 2. Bone becomes mineralised (juvenile, essential, or woven bone). It is the main issue that remains to be worked out being developed and in fix after cracks 3. Bone begins to redesign as the grown-up structure (develop, auxiliary, lamellar) Bone Cells 1. Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cells: from early stage mesenchyme, which separate into osteoblasts. Found in inward cell layer of the periosteum, lining Haversian channels, in the endosteum (lining medullary pit) 2. Osteoblasts: got from osteoprogenitor cells, shape and become new bone by blend of natural segments of bone network. Found on the surfaces of existing bone tissue where they store new bone lattice (osteoid) which contains no minerals. Later mineralization happens, tissue is new bone. Osteoblasts expand forms with neighboring osteoblasts for sub-atomic vehicle. Sit on the edge of bone. 3. Osteocytes: level cells with little cytoplasmic procedures. Help in the support of bone tissue and capacity of minerals. Every osteoblast gets encompassed by emitted framework, when this happens, the cell is known as an osteocyte (develop bone cell), and the space it possesses is a lacuna. Transmitting out every which way from the lacuna are burrow like spaces (canaliculi) which house the cytoplasmic procedures of the osteocytes. The canaliculi permit move of supplements, squanders between the osteocytes and blood. They are dynamic cells. Convey through cytoplasmic procedures in the canaliculi, metabolic correspondence. 4. Osteoclasts: enormous motile, multinucleated cells (150 um distance across) which contain up to 50 cores. These cells separate and resorb bone. Osteoclasts involve shallow sorrows (Howship’s lacunae). The unsettled fringe (infolded plasma film) is that piece of the phone that is legitimately engaged with the resorption of bone. It expels bone enzymatically, mineral insufficiencies then the osteoclasts become dynamic to discharge the minerals that have been put away in bone, subsequently the individual becomes break inclined. The multinuclear idea of the osteoclasts is a decent distinguishing factor Periosteum and Endosteum * Vascular, sinewy layer encompasses bone with the exception of over articular surfaces. * 2 layers * Outer layer is collagen with some flexible strands. This layer disperses vascular and nerve flexibly to bone. * Inner layer is cell (osteogenic layer, osteoprogenitor cells), offers ascend to new bone. * Central cavity of bone is fixed with endosteum-dainty CT made out of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts. * From the external layer of periosteum, fine packages of collagenous filaments (Sharpey’s) infiltrate the hidden bone at interims to join the periosteum, particularly at the locales of connection of ligaments and tendons. * The periosteum contains veins, nerve endings, and tendon and ligament connections. Develop bone Organization * Dense (conservative) at the edge * This sort has Haversian frameworks (osteons) which is a complex of 4-20 concentric, hard round lamellae encompassing a focal (Haversian) channel (20-100 ÃŽ ¼m breadth) * The channel contains veins, lymphatics, with a couple of unmyelinated nerve filaments, free CT and smoothed osteogenic cells and osteoblast cells that line the lumen of the waterway * Osteocytes are in lacunae (in the concentric lamellae) situated inside or between the lamellae * A second game plan of lamellae is found between the osteons (interstitial lamellae-framed by the breakdown of old Haversian frameworks). These are leftovers of more seasoned, halfway resorbed Haversian frameworks. * A third course of action (circumferential lamellae) are rings of bone around the whole bone, underneath the periosteum * Radiating from the lacunae are minuscule channels (canaliculi). Procedures of the osteocytes enter these channels and speak with adjoining osteocytes where a trade of gases happens, supplements are provided to the cells and metabolic squanders are disposed of. * The Haversian waterways speak with the marrow depression, the periosteum and with one another by means of the transverse Volkmann’s trenches, which run at right points to the long pivot of the bone. Each osteon has a concrete line of calcified ground substance with some collagen filaments. * Spongy (Cancelllous Bone): * This sort isn't composed into Haversian frameworks however is a meshwork of meager bars (lamellae) or trabeculae of bone coating the marrow hole * The spaces inside this latticework are loaded up with bone marrow. The trabeculae house osteocytes in lacunae that are taken care of by dispersion from the marrow cavity. Blood and Nerve Supply * Bones have periosteal vessels, which infiltrate the bone of the diaphysis of long bones and partition into branches that enter the Haversian frameworks. These vessels flexibly the osteocytes implanted in the calcified grid. * Larger vessels puncture the epiphysis to flexibly the light bone and the midshaft to gracefully the medullary hole. * Small myelinated and unmyelinated nerves go into the Haversian waterways. * The periosteum contains many agony strands which makes it touchy to injury for example hit to the tibia Bone Development and Growth Histogenesis (separation) * Bone improvement is mesodermal in starting point and if the tissue is layer like (a sheet of mesenchyme or free CT), it is intramembranous bone development * If bone replaces ligament that is to a great extent resorbed before bone is framed, this is endochondral (intracartilaginous) bone turn of events. Intramembranous Bone arrangement * The procedure includes mesenchyme to bone straightforwardly (osteoblast laying bone) * Locations: level bones, for example the skull, mandible, clavicle Endochondral bone arrangement * The procedure in this kind of bone development happens in 2 stages: 1. A small scale hyaline ligament model is framed in the district where the bone is to develop inside the undeveloped organism 2. The ligament model develops appositionally and interstitially and fills in as an auxiliary platform for bone turn of events. It is then resorbed and supplanted by bone (all the ligament is supplanted by bone) * Locations: long, short bones, pelvis and vertebrae Creating bone locale at epiphyseal plate * Area among shaft and epiphysis is the epiphyseal plate. * Proliferation happens at the epiphyseal viewpoint and substitution by bone happens at the diaphyseal side of the plate * Growth at the two parts of the bargains is hormone directed * There are a progression of 5 zones starting at the focal point of the plate and go towards the diaphysis: 1. Zone of hold ligament (resting zone) : chondrocytes through the network are mitotically dynamic creating hyaline ligament 2. Zone of expansion: chondrocytes multiply and structure piles of cells that equal the course of bone development. (Ligament bites the dust lose platelets subsequently the bone attacks the space) 3. Zone of development and hypertrophy (Expanding): chondrocytes develop, hypertrophy and amass glycogen in their cytoplasm. No mitosis happens 4. Zone of calcification and cell demise: Chondrocytes pass on and the ligament framework becomes calcified impregnated with calcium and phosphorus 5. Zone of solidification: veins attack spaces left by the withering chondrocytes conveying osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum and separate into osteoblasts which expand grid that becomes calcified on the outside of calcified ligament. As the lattice calcifies, a few osteoblasts are captured as osteocytes and bone trabeculae are shaped. Mixture of trabeculae makes elastic bone. Resorption of light bone by osteoclasts in the focal point of the diaphysis augments the medullary hole. Synopsis of histochemical forms for the two models of bone development * Osteoblasts emit osteoid without any minerals * Formation of essential bone whereby osteoid is mineralized * Formation of auxiliary bone as conservative or springy bone Development long of long bone * Due to interstitial development of epiphyseal ligament * Growth proceeds until around 20 when the epiphyseal plate closes (ligament is supplanted by bone) and development long stops Development in width of long bone * because of appositional development from the surface and resorption by osteoclasts of the internal shaft with the goal that the marrow space can be amplified Bone Remodeling * Continual redesigning happens because of powers (for example teeth developing jawbones). Bone is saved because of footing and resorbed because of weight. * In youthful, bone statement surpasses bone resorption. In the grown-up bone affidavit is offset with resorption. Joints * Joints are grouped by the level of development between the bones of the joint: * Synarthroses: practically zero development. There are 3 sorts dependent on the tissue making up the association: * Syndesmosis is the association of bones by thick CT e.g tibiofibular and radioulnar joints * Synchondrosis is an intersection via ligament for example IVDs and symphysis pubi

Your Blog Can Help Feed 50 Children Akshaya Patra

Your Blog Can Help Feed 50 Children â€" Akshaya Patra Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Your Blog Can Help Feed 50 Children Akshaya PatraUpdated On 09/01/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : EditorialShort URL : http://hbb.me/1Rz01pR CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogAkshaya Patra is a foundation for midday meal program. It is a Non-Governmental Organization in India. It runs the world’s largest NGO midday meal program for underprivileged school children.What started in Bangalore 10 years ago as a pilot programme has now expanded to 18 locations across 8 states in India to feed over 1.2 million children today. For ten years Akshaya Patra has worked to provide underprivileged children in India with freshly cooked, nutritious food. Their mission now is to serve 5 million (50 lakh) children by 2020.How To Make Your Blog Feed 50 ChildrenBecome a member of IndiBlogger, if you havent.Blog about Akshaya Patra cause and urge your readers to support it. Give them t he link to make a donation online.Then Submit your post on IndiVine.For every valid blog post, Akshaya Patra will be able to feed 50 children.YOU can make a difference. All you need to do is click and donate. A contribution of just Rs. 525 (projected cost) will help them feed a child for a year. This one meal will give that child much needed nutrition and energy. It will also transform its life. You can donate online through Credit/Debit cards, Wire transfer, and Internet banking.Akshaya Patra Online Donations [Link Here]READHellBound Bloggers (HBB) Now Hosted By KnownHost VPS

Risk Management Is A Essential Component Of Any Business

Risk Management is a vital component of any business, especially health care. Risk management can be generally defined as recognizing, preventing, and monitoring situations that could result in injury or liability, monetary loss, or noncompliance of regulations (Chubb Health Care, 2004, 9). In a basic risk management system, risks are identified in separate risk area. Each risk area is handled by a different department. It addresses the risks to an organization at the department level. In the basic risk management system, the risks are evaluated at a reactive approach rather than a proactive approach. In comparison, the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) system addresses risks as an organization, or enterprise, level and is proactive†¦show more content†¦Significant risk events must be identified. The risks are analyzed based on impact and evaluated as an inherent basis or a residual basis. Risk response is determined by the method that best fits the organizationâ€⠄¢s objectives and risk tolerances. This can be by avoidance, acceptance, reduction, or sharing. The organization implements policies to respond to the risk and carry out the policy. Communication of the risk and its response is timely and appropriately disseminated through the organization. The ERM system allows for monitoring, updating, and maintaining through ongoing evaluations of processes and policies (Brannan and Taylor, n.d). The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has moved their focus to patient safety. JCAHO now performs unannounced surveys of accredited facilities to ensure that their standards are being followed and patient safety is being addressed. When a survey is being conducted, the surveyor evaluates compliance with JCAHO standards through staff responds and documentation review as if they were a patient in that facility that was receiving care. Health care organizations must be in the mode of continual readiness and compliance and National Patient Safety Goals. The National Patient Safety Goals address slips and falls, communication,

The Vietnam War and The Things They Carried - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1373 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/07 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Things They Carried Essay Vietnam War Essay Did you like this example? The Things They Carried is a story that presents various accounts of painful experiences and traumatic events of the soldiers who fought in the Vietnam War. The author explores the great use of literary devices in explaining the occurrence of every event. In a well-developed piece that uses imagery, metaphors, reality, and fiction, OBrien represents the emotional baggage that the soldiers had to carry through the war. The things that the soldiers carried indicated their loss of purity, despair as they lost the way and their narrowed chances of survival. OBrien connects different literary devices. The narrative has the themes of conflict, escape guilt and acceptance. The story is narrated in the third person, and the reader becomes aware of the significance of the title. First, OBrien explains the theme of escape guilt by the letters and pictures Martha sent to lieutenant cross. Cross would spend the whole night looking at the pictures and reading the letters while imagining that he was with her to escape the thought of war. Cross is trying to escape from the reality of war that he was stuck with and he feels guilty about it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Vietnam War and The Things They Carried" essay for you Create order Similarly, OBrien mentions several other soldiers who try to escape the reality in a similar way. Rat Kiley uses tranquilizers to escape the same reality, while Dobbin wears a pair of his girlfriends stockings around his neck. Seemingly, every character in the story has their unique way of running away from reality. The items used are also symbolically significant as they emphasize on the theme of escape. The story also explores the theme of love as OBrien takes us through his thoughts on the love story between Martha and Cross. Lieutenant Cross cannot stop thinking about Martha even at the camp. The two met in college, and ever since, no other girl has given him the same feeling of love that he felt for Martha. Similarly, the fact that Martha did not get married even after she got separated from cross indicates that she loved him. This is a case of mutual love that just would not work out. Whenever he looked at the photographs, he thought of new things he shouldve done. (OBrien, P.2). This line portrays an element of guilt and regret as lieutenant things of all the things he should have done for the person that he loved. Lieutenant cross carries with him the hope that he will one day reunite with the love of his life and start a family. He carries her picture everywhere he goes so every time he looks at it, he thinks of everything he should have done. The title of the story is symbolical as it reflects many things that the soldiers went through during the war. The title has a metaphoric aspect of fear and guilt that most of the soldiers carried in their hearts. The title symbolizes a burden whose impacts last in history. The physical weapons and the emotional ?weapons are also symbolic as they portray the nature of war and sets the mood of the narrative. From the weapons, we can immediately tell that the story is about war. The symbols provide a graphic description of the realities of war (OBrien, p. 21). The symbols enable the reader to see the story from the authors perspective. As the title suggests, the story portrays how the things the soldiers carried were not as heavy as their feelings of love, guilt, loss, fear ,and the awful memories of the war as portrayed in the line, They all carried emotional baggage of men who might die. Grief, terror, love, longing- these were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific (OBrien, p. 23). The author also utilizes the aspect of thought. The story brings forth the memories of war that took place over two decades ago while portraying the physical, emotional, as well as the economic damages that the war brought to the society. These damages are reflected in the lives of the soldiers and their families (OBrien, p.23). The depressive nature of war is portrayed by the characters who had to take tranquilizers to calm their nerves. From a close analysis, OBrien uses the characters as metaphoric artifacts to represent people in the society. These soldiers blame themselves for the deaths of their fellow soldiers. Just like the soldiers, people always carry the memory, love, and grief for those who die in the war trying to protect us. The theme of war represents the state of conflicts and inhumanity in society. The society is always at a state of conflict as people commit all sorts of evil in the name of war. OBrien does not directly criticize the aspect of the war in the society through the series of events in the story and leaves the reader to reflect on what is wrong or right. The aspect of conflict appears in the soldiers decision to go to war. Many of them were afraid to go to war but felt the need to so they carried with them the pressure and acted like all is well. The soldiers undergo a personal conflict as the battle and thought between what is right and what should be done. The metaphor, all you can do is whimper and wait (OBrien, p.211) provides a clear picture of the soldiers attitude towards the war. They had no choice but to sit there and wait for their fate because things were already getting out of hand. The phrase also gives an idea of how the soldiers felt towards each other. Although they were not very close, they had an idea of how everyone felt because they were going through a similar moment at the same time. The phrase shows imagery and greater details of how Bobby and Azar felt towards each other. OBrien also developed strong relationships that almost felt as if the characters were all one person. OBrien applies a great use of repetition to develop the story. We see many instances of the characters reappearing in the story. This form of repetition forms an everlasting instinct for the reader to keep up with each character without losing track all through the story. Although the death of Lavender is mentioned at the beginning of the narrative, the narrator keeps taking us back to this event to give the reader more details about the event and create a new perspective every time. Repetition enables the reader to reflect back and keep memories of the soldiers. For instance, repetition is seen when Lieutenant Cross constantly thinks about Martha, his college girlfriend from way back. The repetition is meant to remind the reader of the love that cross had for Martha. Through this, OBrien successfully achieves character development and allows the reader to follow all the characters throughout the story. The story truly expresses the real meaning of contemporary literature. OBrien successfully brings all his ideas and experiences and place them in the story to create a meaningful piece of contemporary literature. He puts great effort to make the story look as real as possible using his own experiences. He achieves realism by mixing reality and fiction. Using his experiences in the Vietnam War, he gives pictures of the harsh truths about war and the real emotions that human beings really carry in their hearts. He also expresses the dilemma that people have to deal with in making rash decisions as well as the pain and guilt that survivors of war have to deal with. Characters in the narrative also use metafiction to get the real truth about the main events of the Vietnam War. OBrien describes the difference between happening truth and narrative truth in the chapter Good Form (OBrien, p.179) OBrien applies a non-chronological sequence in narrating the story. His story is based on random observation of the characters. The story revolves around the lives of the characters which primarily develops the story. He uses a simple language to understand the message he is putting across easily. He also uses slang, obscene dark humor, and military lingo to give the narrative an aesthetic value. Most of the conversations in the story are brief and punctuated with dashes instead of quotation marks to incorporate the spoken words into narrative.

Ficial Metro Last Light Soundtrack - 1493 Words

The official Metro: Last Light soundtrack was composed by Ukraine composer Alexey Omelchuk. Omelchuk is famous for composing music for video games such as Alexander, Cossacks II: Napoleonic Wars, Heroes of Annihilated Empires, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat, Metro 2033 and most recently Metro: Last Light. He was working with GSC Game World, and after the company was dissolved in 2011, he went to worked one of its successor 4A Games. The original soundtrack for Metro: Last Light with 64 tracks, more that 2 and a half hour of music was released by Sumthing Else Music Works in 2013. The majority of the music is orchestral-based with electronic elements, as well as dark ambient, electro rock (These tracks†¦show more content†¦So the music is trying to mimic this, with a lots of metaphor, and parallel ideas. For instance one of the main instrument the composer uses the most, is the acoustic/electronic guitar (the main/solo instrument of the main theme is the guitar as well), as the guitar is the most important thing of the people in the Metro (we could see a lot of guitar in the Metro game s spiritual successor the S.T.A.L.K.E.R. series, the guitar soon became the symbol of hope, in both series.) In term of melody, the whole soundtrack offers us, a big selection of different melodies, which are heavily influenced by the main theme. We can put it that way, most of the track, are heavily influenced by the main theme, making a huge idà ©e fixe motif-chain. The idà ©e fixe , is a leitmotif kind of thing, but also very different from it. The leitmotif was basically invented by Richard Wagner (1813- 1883) during the composition of The Ring tetralogy, as he was using motifs for every person, object, feeling creating a huge composition of melodies connected to each other, under the concept of the Endless Melody (This concept was invented by Wagner during the composition of Tannhà ¤user , the basic idea was to create a new opera-standard, not using the aria-recitativo, structure, instead there are no dividing line at each area,

Managerial Finance Annual Report and Accounts

Question: Describe about the Managerial Finance of Annual Report and Accounts. Answer: Introduction ASOS Plc is an international fashion stop for young people, founded in the year 2000 and headquartered in London, England. ASOS is a British beauty and online store that aims to offer more than 80,000 branded and self-brand items with the assistance of web encounters and localized mobile from their respective centers situated in United States, China, United Kingdom, and Europe to near about every place in the world (ASOS, 2015). In relation to the financial year 2015, the company was in an advantageous position in the year because it reported an enhancement of around eighty percent of sales in United Kingdom that includes around twelve percent of enhancement in global sales accompanies with steady profits. ASOS has adopted various effective steps to meet the satisfaction of its customers and has framed strategies to enhance its technology developments that have further assisted in attaining the major goals of the company (ASOS, 2015). The consumer involvement of the company continues to be effectively high and developing each year. Furthermore, the motive of the company remains firm in becoming the number one fashionable spot for people especially in the twenties (Deegan, 2011). Computation of 5 Key Ratio Profitability Ratio These ratios are a class of economical metrics that are utilized to evaluate the ability of a business to generate revenues or earnings compared to its costs and other associated expenses incurred during a particular period of time. Return on assets Return on assets is an indicator of how profitable a company is associated to its total assets. It offers an idea as to how effective management is at utilizing its assets to generate earnings. It is computable by dividing the total annual earnings of a company by its total assets and depicted as a percentage. Therefore, higher return on assets ratio signifies better use of assets by a company. Return on Assets 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Net Income (I) 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 Assets (II) 4,77,897 3,79,963 3,11,751 2,06,278 1,36,168 Return on Assets (I/II) 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.05 0.08 Net Profit Margin This ratio computes the earnings or revenues made by a company as a percentage of the total sales achievable by it. Therefore, higher the distinctions between the revenues and expenses, more is the companys net profit (Christensen, 2011). Thus, net profit margin ratio is very beneficial in ascertaining the capability of a company to enhance its earnings without enhancing its costs in a similar amount. This ratio is computable by dividing the net income of a company by its total sales during a year. The following depicts the net profit margin of ASOS Plc for the past five years: Net Profit Margin 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Net Income (I) 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 Sales Revenue (II) 11,50,788 9,75,470 7,69,396 2,38,023 3,39,691 Net Profit Margin (I/II) 3.20 3.79 5.32 4.16 3.19 Liquidity Ratio This ratio measures the ability of a company to pay off debt obligations and its margin of safety (MOS) through the computation of metrics accompanying the current ratio, operating cash flow ratio, and quick ratio (Choi Meek, 2011). Thus, to sustain smooth operations of the company, it has to maintain a proportion betwixt its liquid assets and non-liquid assets. Current ratio It is the ratio between current assets and current liabilities of a company. The normal standard of a current ratio is usually two, which implies that the assets of a company must be double of its liabilities so that obligations can be easily paid off. Hence, current ratio going below one is very problematic for a company (Davies Crawford, 2012) Current ratio is computable by dividing the current assets of a company by its current liabilities. Current Ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Current Assets (I) 3,37,098 2,60,662 2,33,132 1,47,638 83,809 Current Liabilities (II) 2,37,298 1,85,539 1,51,952 1,00,291 66,848 Current Ratio (I/II) 1.42 1.40 1.53 1.47 1.25 Efficiency ratio This ratio typically applies to banks and in general terms, it implies expenses as a percentage of revenue with a few differences. It is utilized to evaluate how well a company utilizes its liabilities and assets internally (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2011). It can compute the repayment of liabilities, turnover of receivables, basic use of machinery and inventory, etc. It assists an investor to facilitate comparison between two or more companies of similar industry. Earnings per share (EPS) The EPS of a company is the portion of its profit attributable to each outstanding share of common stock. It is computable by dividing the total earnings of a company by its number of equity shares (Fields, 0qq). The Earnings per share of ASOS Plc during the five-year period are as follows: Earnings Per Share 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total Earnings attributable to owners 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 No of Shares 83,034 83,125 81,751 79,078 74,375 Earnings Per Share 44.40 44.45 50.06 12.52 14.59 Solvency Ratio This ratio assists in measuring the capability of a company to meet its long-term debts. Besides, the solvency ratio quantifies the company size after tax income, not accommodating non-cash depreciation costs, as contrasted to a companys net debt obligation (Brealey et. al, 2011). In other words, it assists in evaluating the capital structure of a company. Equity Ratio This ratio is a kind of financial ratio that assists in the computation of amount of assets financed by equity. It measures the proportion of net assets financed by stakeholders, as opposed to creditors. It is computable by dividing the total assets of a company by its total equity (Brigham Daves, 2012). Besides, ASOS does not possess any leverage and hence debt is absent. The following portrays the equity ratio of ASOS during the five-year period: Equity Ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total Equity (I) 2,37,315 1,93,031 1,59,799 1,05,987 72,120 Total Assets (II) 4,77,897 3,79,963 3,11,751 2,06,278 1,36,168 Equity Ratio (I/II) 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.53 Price Earnings Ratio (P/E ratio) In order to compute the Price Earnings ratio of ASOS Plc, it is crucial to consider the share prices of the company and its previous reported earnings. The following depicts the P/E ratio of ASOS based on several sources: Market price per share (equity) = 4,606 (approximately) EPS (Earnings per share) = 44.40 P/E ratio is computable by dividing the price per share by its earnings per share. Therefore, the P/E ratio of ASOS reports at 4606 / 44.40 = 103.74 Since the current P/E ratio of the company reports at around 18 times, it is assumable that an investor is more likely to sacrifice a price that is 103.74 times the EPS of the company. Analysis based on above calculation Profitability Ratio- It is observable that the company has attained significant growth achievements despite the fact that it has not existed for a prolonged period. Furthermore, its net profit margin ranges from 3%-5% that is a good indicator. The ROTA of ASOC has also been firm and it is noticeable that the company is striving to develop with every surpassing year. Both the net profit margin and ROTA was at maximum in 2013. Liquidity- The current ratio of ASOS reports around 1.5 every year that is not very beneficial but at the same time, not so dangerous to its liquidity. It is assumable that the companys liquidity is in a moderate zone. Efficiency- EPS of the company assists in determining its efficiency. It is observable that EPS has enhanced since the past five years that signifies successful implementation of strategies, thereby facilitating in better earnings of the company. Investment- The capital structure of the company refers to its investment and it is observable that its capital structure is free from debt. This means that the company operations are conducted through the funds obtained from issue of shares (Albrecht et. al, 2011). Besides, the solvency of ASOS Plc relies on its capital structure. However, the equity ratio of ASOS is also firm during the five years, which signifies adequate maintenance of investment in equity and assets in a same proportion that has facilitated in sustenance of equity ratio to be around 0.50. ASOS Plcs movement of share prices during 2014-2015 The below-mentioned graph portrays the movement of share price of ASOS during 2014-2015. It is observable that the company share prices vary from 4,194 GBP to 1,785 GBP in the year. Besides, the decline in share prices was noticeable in the beginning months after which the company made a huge leap and attained its maximum in the month of April 2015 that reported share price at 3000 GBP (ASOS Plc, 2016). Conclusion It is observable that the aggregate performance of the company is quite good despite the fact that it has been in operation for only sixteen years and still, it has managed to attain impressive outcomes. Furthermore, the company has played a key role in adequate satisfaction of investors through appropriate implementation of the strategies. This signifies the core strength and fundamentals of the company that has allowed it to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Thus, ASOS Plc is clearly to perform with better outcomes in the upcoming future and the investors can continue investment in the company for obtaining better returns. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. ASOS 2015, ASOS Annual Report and accounts 2015, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.asosplc.com/investors/results-reports/2015.aspx ASOS Plc 2016, ASOS share price information, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.asosplc.com/investors/shareprice-information/shareprice-chart.aspx Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Brigham, E.F. Ehrhardt, M.C 2011, Financial Management: Theory and Practice, USA: Cengage Learning. Choi, R.D. Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson . Christensen, J 2011, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Davies, T. Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M 2011, In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Fields, E 2011, The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers, New York: American Management Association.

Mongol Influences in China and Russia Essay Example

Mongol Influences in China and Russia Essay From the first explosion of Mongol military might from the steppes of central Asia in the early decades of the 13th century to the death of Timur in1405, the nomads of central Asia made a last, stunning return to center stage in world history. The Mongols brought about changes in countryside economics, the power of the states, and overall trade, with similarities and differences in the two states respectively. Mongol influences and culture trends can still be observed in Russia as well as China today.The Mongols were regarded as a cruel and vicious people, but changes caused by Mongolian rule in the subjugated countries, including advances in science and technology, were mostly well natured. The Mongols completely reformed several countries in the Middle East and Asia, with political as well as economic change. The Mongol era helped unite China and formed the Yuan and Ming Empire. The Mongols caused many political changes within China and Russia. Mongol rule brought about many power changes and reforms in both states.In Russia and China, the Khans, referred to as â€Å"Great Leaders†, ruled after initial conquest, causing a shift in the central power of the government. The Mongols destroyed cities and government rule in both nations, despite most cities’ initial surrender. Because the Mongols rulers wished for quick access to control in both countries, the Chinese capital was moved to Beijing where it became the center of politics and commerce in China as well as Southeast Asia.In Russia, the Mongols allied itself with the Orthodox Church and fused government and church, giving the church more political power. In addition to changes in the politics of China and Russia, the Mongols had great effects on trade and economics as well. While China managed to export large amounts of silk and porcelain and become a trading center, Russia’s economy crashed and the country had to restart with agriculture.However, both nations experienced positive eff ects, especially trade routes that facilitated exchange, promoted religion and enabled international trade. The East and West were finally connected through the Silk Road. Also, with China’s population decreasing during Mongol Rule, the state was ironically united, whereas Russia was divided and forced to base its economies on agriculture. In both cases, the economy of the countryside suffered due to little pay and excessive amounts of work pressed upon farmers.Paper money began to spread in Russia and China, causing inflation. Mongolian rulers and conquerors also horded precious metals, depriving the economy from them. The Mongol era brought about positive economic changes as well as negative reforms. The East and West Worlds were finally connected by series of routes, and trade, religion, goods, and ideas were able to spread. Great cities such as Beijing were formed while others were destroyed. Effective and ineffective forms of government in the Mongol Era made helped pave way for other governments.Even though the Mongol Empire collapsed a long time ago, and the Mongolian state is relatively small, Mongolian influences are still effective in Russia and China as well as other parts of the world. With political, economical and religious influences in the once conquered states, the Mongol Era was truly remarkable in its ability to change and reform other countries. Mongol rule could be called either good or bad, but there is no doubt that it has a great effect on us today. This once vast empire has left its mark permanently on the current world as well as the future.

COLLEGE ESSAY WRITING SERVICE

COLLEGE ESSAY WRITING SERVICE A 100% plagiarism papers is the policy of our company. Being a profound college essay writing service that works fine over 10 years on the market, the recent studies have showed that book reports are being ordered quite often. We have to admit that reading all the books that are being assigned to the students is practically impossible, yet, the book report papers must be written and submitted on time. While of course reading summaries might provide some information, it is better to look for other sources or expert writers who know the book content well. In this case, your book report will be affective, plagiarism free and 100% safe. Finding or generating the book report ideas is easier when you know the content of the chosen book. But you always have to remember that professional assistance is here and a professional writer will do a great writing job for you. Relevant content and right book report format should be closely guideline in your writing strategy. For all additional requests and information, make sure to talk to the 24/7 customer service support. COLLEGE ESSAY WRITING SERVICE Being in college or university is highly demanding for all of us. Not only we have to grasp the knowledge and to obtain the skills we may never heard of, but also we are required to get the best marks possible. While some students may not agree, schooling today is really a tough job. Studying hard is a 24/7 demand and we have to be prepared for that. When you start to go to college, a whole burden of various studies falls onto your shoulders. We may joke around that it is not for us, but we have made a conscious choice of entering college and whether we enjoy it or not. In case, you find yourself in an urgent need for help, college essay writing service can become really handy. If you have already written a half of the paper, you can request our professional writers to finish it up and to edit the first half of the paper as well.   You may encounter that you have been given to write a research paper or cause and effect essay. Once again you have an option to request assistance and we will deliver the necessary college essay writing in no time. If you have any specific questions, don’t hesitate to talk to our 24/7 friendly customer service representative, and he will be able to address all questions you may have.

Air Pollution or Endocrine Disrupters Research Paper

Air Pollution or Endocrine Disrupters - Research Paper Example Such disruptions manifest among humans with most affectations in the male and female reproduction systems. The US EPA has set forth the screening of thousand of chemicals in order to screen endocrine disruptors before they are introduced to the human body. This screening program has proven to be problematic because of the bulk of chemicals which have to be screened. There are thousands of disruptors which have to be tested and testing them cannot adequately be carried out without incurring high costs which the government agencies and laboratories cannot afford. Nevertheless, these tests help establish clear guidelines and standards for government officials and the general public in the assessment of these products and their use by the general public. There are advantages and disadvantages to these tests; mostly these tests are advantageous because they help determine the health impact of chemicals to the general health of the population. The validation of chemicals and the investigat ion of the disruptor effects to the endocrine system can be determined through in vitro and in vivo assays. However, carrying out these tests can also be disadvantageous because of the practical considerations for testing. In effect, there is a need for the government to be more prudent and selective in the programs it would implement to evaluate these chemicals. Moreover, people also need to be more cautious about the chemicals they use because they can have negative impacts on both humans and animals. Introduction We are currently in the midst of an era where we are facing various environmental issues. The Global Warming phenomenon has been explained and explored by various experts and politicians as a major cause of concern to our planet because of its growing impact on all living things. One of these issues pertains to air pollution and their effects to our human physiology. Air pollution largely affects our respiratory system because chemical and air-borne toxins enter our body through inhalation. The respiratory system then helps to process the inhaled gases while exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen which is crucial to our survival. This paper shall consider the role of air pollution in terms of chemical endocrine disruptors which mimic the hormone in our bodies. These chemicals seem to interfere with the actions of hormones – mimicking behavior and upsetting normal growth, behavior, and reproduction of wildlife. This paper shall explain how endocrine disruptors enter the cells. It shall evaluate if these compounds also harm people and how they affect the human body. This paper shall also discuss the pros and cons of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) screening thousands of chemicals that are used as endocrine disruptors before they are introduced to the human body. It shall discuss this student’s opinion on whether EPA is right in conducting the screening. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehens ive assessment of these endocrine disruptors and their impact on the human body. Body There are various chemical toxins which enter the lungs and the respiratory system and which affect the endocrine and the normal processes of our body. Some of these chemicals are known as endocrine disruptors. These chemicals are often seen in our daily use products, including â€Å"plastic bottles, metal food cans, detergents, flame retardants, food, toys, cosmetics, and pesticides†

E-BUSINESS INDIVIDUAL REPORT WITH A WEBSITE Essay

E-BUSINESS INDIVIDUAL REPORT WITH A WEBSITE - Essay Example Official websites play the role of public relations for the business establishments. Their customers have direct connection to the company and feel better informed when they access the official websites. Internet has also opened up a new concept of business operation, the click concept or rather the online shop concept. Gone are the days when to launch a product a brick and mortar model was required. The new trend in the market is the online marketing of products. The click and mortar model of e- business is preferred by many now. Products are shown in these websites with their properties and price range. The customer is able to choose from the options and order the product. The payment is done online and the product is delivered at home. Thus, completely removing the cost incurred in having a brick establishment. Having a proper shop in mall or in a commercial area is a very costly affair but the new trend in the market has made it a complimentary service rather than an essential se rvice. The spread of internet in the globe across has brought this remarkable change. Most people have access to internet in their daily lives and are more accessible through internet (Weill and Vitale, 2001, p.7-9) Business Literature on e-business Internet has indeed condensed the boundaries amongst the countries across the globe. Making promotion in other countries very easy. Doing business in other countries is also become easier due to easy mode of online payment. Shipment from across the globe has also become a very conceivable concept. Making it easier for business establishments to do business online. The main focus when a company makes their website should be, to create attention amongst target audience. The website has to be informative and attention grabbing in a right sense. Attention of customers looking for the particular product on the internet has to be first caught. The website therefore needs to be appealing to the target audience. Viral marketing is a very new con cept. For websites the term used is SEM, search engine marketing. The basic goal of SEM is to promote a certain webpage by increasing the traffic of the website. This can be done either developing the content of the website in such a way that the hits on the website is maximised. The first step for any website marketing is to make it more visible. Optimisation of search engines provides this facility to the website. Once the attention of the viewing customers is won, then business can be done with them. Certain aspects must be taken care of when websites are designed. It is important for each website in order to get more customers that it appears in the first page of any search engine. Customers often search their requirements in search engines and very few like to go beyond options appearing on the first page. The website also needs to be very informative about the origin of the company, the history behind the company, the products that are available and the extra services given by the company. The website should also have details about the various payment modes accepted by them. These informations are very essential for the customer looking for making an online booking of a product. Display of products on the websit

Learning Organization: Literature Review

Learning Organization: Literature Review Introduction of learning organization A learning organization is an organization that is continually expanding its capacity to create its future. For such an organization, it is not enough to merely survive. Survival learning or what is more often termed adaptive learning is important indeed it is necessary. But for a learning organization adapting learning must be joined by generative learning learning that enhances our capacity to create. Learning organization where people continually expand their capacity to create the result they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free and where people are continually learning to see the whole to gather. Types of learning Level 1:- learning facts, knowledge, processes and know situation procedures apply to know where changes are minor. Level 2:- learning new job skills that are transferable to other situations applies to new situations where existing responses need to be changed bringing in outside expertise is a useful tool here. Leel 3:- learning to adopt-applies to more dynamic situation where the solution need developing experimentation and deriving lessons from success and failure is the mode of learning here. Level 4:- learning to learn-Is about innovation and creativity, designing the future rather than merely adapting to it. This is where assumptions are challenged and knowledge is reframed. Characteristic of a learning organization Learning culture:- An organizational climate that natures learning. There is a strong similarity with those characteristic associated with innovation. Processes:- processes that encourage interaction across boundaries. These are infrastructure, development and management processes, as opposed to business operational processes. Tools and techniques:- method that aid individual and group learning, such as creativity and problem solving techniques. Skills and motivation:- to learn and adapt. The art and practice of the learning organization and the fifth discipline field book: strategies and tools for building ad earning organization explain that there are five disciplines, which must be mustered when introducing such as organization. Systems thinking:- the ability to see the big picture and to distinguish patterns instead of conceptualizing change as isolated event systems thinking needs the other four shift from being unconnected to interconnect to the whole and from blaming our problems on something external to a realization that how we operate our actions can create problems. Personal mastery:- begins by becoming committed to lifelong learning and is the spiritual cornerstone of a learning organization. Personal mastery involves being more realistic, focusing on becoming the personal possible and to strive for a sense of commitment and excitement in our careers to facilitate realization of potential. Mental models:- they must be managed because they do prevent new and powerful insights and organizational practices from becoming implemented. The process begins with self reflection, unearthing deeply held belief structure and generalizations and understand how they dramatically influence the way we operate in our own lives. Until there is realization and focus on openness, real change can never be implementation. Building shared vision:- visions cannot be dictated because it begins with the personal visions of individual employees, who may not agree with the leaders visions what is needed is a genuine visions that elicits commitment in good times and bad and has the power to bind an organization together. Team learning:- is important because currently, modern organization operate on the basis of teamwork, which means that organization cannot learn if team members do not come together and learn. It is a process of developing the ability to create desired results, to have a goal in mind and work together to attain it. Review of literature The literature  I reviewed about learning organization fell in to these categories: The founders Real world definitions and critiques Promoting continuous improvement, innovation, stakeholder collaboration Organization learning and organizational outcomes Todays approaches for building organization learning The founders Where did the concept of a learning organization that helped create and disseminate this concept. In literature and conversation with practitioners the authors whose names came up again and again as founders of sorts of this approaches are peter senge, chris aggris, Donald schon and marguret wheatly also highlighted in this section is shana ratners description of the fundamental shift in learning approaches in the latter half of the 20th century has given rise to exiting new field like organizational learning. Peter senga: peter senga is considered by most to be the father of organizational learning senga is a director at innovation associates a Cambridge consulting firm and advises government and educational leader in centre of global changes like South Africa. Sengas massage of growth and prosperity holds strong appeal for todays business leaders. This research centre at MIT the centre for organizational learning started in 1990 has 18 corporate sponsors, included AT and T, ford, Motorola and feudal express. Each contributes $80,000 a year to create learning organization pilot programme with the help of senga and his colleagues. Senga created something new and powerful by putting them together. Unfortunately, at first glance these ideas can seem ambiguous. As a result only a small percentage of the huge number of people who bought the book has read it and only a small percentage of those have carried out its ideas. To make the learning more accessible to seasoned managers, senga and several co-consultants published. The fifth discipline field book, hands-on work. The field book explains that anyone who wants to be the part of a learning organization must first go through a personal change, senga kleines etal 1994. This means that if some members of the group like to tell people what to do and are to busy to listen they must be willing to change themselves. Senga and his colleagues consult with organizations, where they elaborate set of personal awareness exercise with names like dialogues, the container and the ladder of influence. Chris argyris:- Chris argyris is also lauded for disseminating pioneering ideas about now learning can improve organizational development success. He is probably known for distinguish between learning that challenges the status quo, called singe loop learning. Double loop learning depends on the internal commitment by employees to seek transparency and personal responsibility in the work place for single loop learning, people are good programmed to believe that transparency and truth are good ideas, but only when they are not threatening, he says in this article good communication that blocks learning argyris says that the new but now familiar techniques of corporate communication like focus groups, surveys, management by walking around, can block organization learning even as they help solve certain kinds of problems. These techniques, he explains, promote defensive behaviour by encouraging employees to believe that their proper role is to criticize management while the proper role of management is to take action and fix whatever is wrong. He recommends that managers challenge employees to think constantly and creatively about the needs of organizational. By applying these ideas to individuals or group performance reviews, managers can cr eate an incentive for employees to increase their commitment to continuous non-routine learning and for implementing strategy. Donald A. Section For about 40 years, don schon wrote about and consulted in the field of organizational learning many of schons many schons insights, though not distinguished in the management literature, continue to have a significant on the conceptualization of organizational learning. Schons work can be organized in the four themes:(a)his concept of inquiry as reflection in action.(b)constructing a learning dialectic in organization (c)the practice of learning how to learn and(d)his commitment a new educational paradigm that teaches practitioner how to reflect in action. When compared to the current literature on organizational learning, schons deep integration of knowing and doing can be seen as pioneering work. Must literature on organizational learning over time. According to schons approach, action and reflection should occur at the same time so that learning is necessarily embodied in concrete situation. Some comment that schon does not emphasize how rare it is for persons to solicit feedback about mismatches between their principles and their actions. the fact that such learning may be extraordinarily useful. Margaret whitely: Margaret Whitleys book leadership and the new science learning about organization from an orderly universe has been recognized as introducing a new paradigm for organizational development that involves reintegration of society. (Dennard 1996), (Brown 1993). Wheatley offers these are ideas:- Everything is a constant process of discovery and creating. Life uses messes to get well ordered solutions. Life is intent on finding what works, not what is right. Life creates more possibilities as it engages with opportunities. Life is attracted to order. Life organizes around identity. Everything participates in the creation and evolution of its neighbours. Reflecting on her Wheatley vividly demonstrates how organization is living entities and that learning and change strengthen their structure and their communities. Shana rather an old and new answer to how we learn:-Shana rashers 1997 emerging issues in learning communities offers an insightful description of the fundamental shift in learning approaches in the latter half on the 20th century that is giving rise to existing new field such as learning, collaborative learning and organizational learning. This shift, from thinking of learning as a transaction to learning as a process. This shift eliminates the separation of teacher from student and replaces it with dialogue between teacher and student to encourage joint responsibility for learning and growth. (burkey 1993). Old and new answers to how we learn (ratner 1997) Old answer New answer Knowledge is thing that is transferred from one person to another. Knowledge is objective and certain. Learners receive knowledge. We all learn in the same way. Knowledge is a relationship between the knower and the known: knowledge is created through this relationship. Knowledge is subjective and provisional. Learners create knowledge. There are many different learning styles. LEARNING ORGANIZATION SOUTH WEST ARLINE GOOGLE 3M SOUTH WEST AIRLINE :- Background Southwest Airlines has built its culture and its reputation inside out. Its value a happy workforce, and believes that its 3200 employees will keep customer come back. Since its beginning as a small, three jet airlines, southwest leadership, including co- founder and current board chairman Herbert D. Kelleher and President colleen Barrett, has relied on company values concern, respect and caring for employees and customer. Company Consider Learning Organisation because of following reason:- Company must provide the level of knowledge and information that allows the employees to act like owners. Southwest Airlines provides daily news updates via internet; the CEO records a weekly telephone message for all the employees and the company communicates detailed financial information called knowing the score on quarterly earnings. More than 14% of outstanding shares of stock are held by southwest employees. Southwest communicates with employees everyday through news on their internet every week through a telephone news line, every month with 32 page magazine, every week quarter through the financial knowing the score message very year through a series of town hall meetings. Communicators must nature their corporate culture so that employees understand how their behaviour contributes how their organisation is judged. In its monthly news letter LUV Lines, southwest features employees who have been nominated by their peers for Wining Spirit recognition. These outstanding employees are modelling the type of behaviour that result in a remarkable vs ordinary experience for a customer or follow employees. Learning excellence: Southwest Airline approach A bias for action Close to customer Autonomy and entrepreneurship Productivity through people. Hands on value driven Stick to the knitting Simple from lean staff Simultaneous loose tight properties Southwest Airlines one of the most successful airlines n the low cost market segment is the role model for many other low cost airlines. Like Ryan air and easy set. Five specific elements of southwest Airline are strategy, structure, processes and reward. Processes: Southwest Airlines has an open door tradition. Herb Kelleher is known to stay in the bar until four in the morning with a mechanic to hear what he is got to say. Employees are stimulated to come up with ideas and there receive all the necessary support from their management to try out different things. The on board safety demonstration, which has been turned into a complete act to attain the attention of passengers. Rewards-besides the usual package of secondary employment benefits, like free airline tickets, profit sharing etc. employees of the month election. South west airline has another usual way to pay attention to their work force .In the lobby of SWA corporate headquarter at Dallas love field airport .there is a big port falling messy The people of SWA are the creator of what we have become and what we will be. Our people transformed an idea into a legend .that legend will continue to grow only so long as it is nourished. People-SWA has its own university for people where 25000 new employees are trained every year .the selection criteria for recruitment are much more based on attitude than on knowledge. As a result SWA is now regarded as friend list airline in us. The three important factors-these are those factor that show how SWA manager to keep the spirit high The relationship between management and workforce. The training at university for people decreases hierarchical thinking. Herb Kelleher, one of the founder of SWA and an important leader for the company. His vision, humour and hand on mentality are very inspiring for the entire employee in SWA. Suggestion to SWA Give reward also in the form of profit sharing, give bonus and package plan etc. .It also motivate the employees After studying the whole organisation I come to know that in motivational problem are there so company should have good leadership After herb SWA has not a leader same like him so company should try to make a leader as him which helps the company a lot. Reason of Google as learning organisation- Google is the most goggled company in business today. Just as IBM coca-cola were the best companies in youth and everyone wants to pattern them after Google now. First, it is clear from our research that Google is relying heavily on innovation to grow. The companies hire the best brightest and have created a work environment which is the envy of any generation X and Y employee. Government cafeterias, flexible working conditions and the 20% policy which enable each and every employee to spend up to one day per week working on a special and innovative project of their own. Few companies today can afford to lavish such luxuries on every employee. Second, the company has also built a culture of product innovation. Dozens of new products services are available from Google today engineers are encouraged to continuously newones.engineers who finds bugs in others engineers products are encouraged to check out the code line and suggest a fix. While most of the new products from Google never became market leader, some do. Google finance, Goggle maps Gmail are all products which entered the market with strong entrenched compitition.through innovation and strong execution each of these products have take on tremendous market share in a short part and when the company sees a tremendous market opportunity to enter through acquision. Google takes the plunge(YouTube blogger) Following are the points that consider Google as learning organisation very truly- Greater Motivation The Workforce Is More Flexible. People Are More Creative. Improved Social Interaction. Knowledge Sharing. Interdependency The Breakdown of Traditional Communication Barriers. Customer Relation. Information Resources Innovation Creativity Suggestions- Google should level out the workload Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves you people processes Make decision slowly by consensus through considering all the option and implementing the decision rapidly. Introduction to 3M- At 3M, we pair imaginative thinking with science-based technology to create globally-renowned products. We lead scores of markets: health care, safety, office products, and transportation to name a few. So whats our secret? Its simple: We approach real-world problems with our array of technologies to satisfy customers. Leading this process are some of the worlds best and brightest employees who share a commitment to innovation and excellence Learning environment of 3M 3M is a learning organisation committed to continuous improvement in both the companys result each individuals performance. A learning environment is more than a comprehensive training program. It is a philosophy that says that learning is a part of every employees job every day. Continuous learning gives all employees greater opportunity to realize their potential .in a learning environment the role of the employee is to be a continuous learner, the role of the manager is to reinforce learning model learning behaviour and the role of the company is to create system that allow cross functional knowledge sharing throughout the organisation. 3M supports learning through on the job training, traditional class room setting, online learning functional communication of practice .each employee is responsible for his or her individual growth plan. The goal of our commitment to learning is engaged employee who understand how their action contribute to 3Ms success make decision as if they owned the business. Findings:- The reward system as a learning frame has high effect on learning environment according to employees. There is an equity/balance between efforts and rewards. In SWA organisation new employees are trained every year. In SWA organisation selection criteria for recruitment are much more based on attitude than on knowledge. In Google organization monetary or other incentives are given to employees in order to increase their motivation level. In 3M organization and the relation between employees and managers is good. Employees feel like they work in safe environment. Conclusion After study the whole concept of organisation we learn many things regarding learning organisation. Learning organisation is very wider concept and learning helps organisation to achieve success and create new things. Learning organisation innovate things to world. In this assignment I also study learning organisation like SWA Google. They are the main example of learning organisation these companies gives ideas products. Because of their learning behaviour these companies get success and the growth rate of learning organisation never down because they change their policies when requires. It is good for companies so according to me every company became learning organisation .it is good for economy as well as companies and we get innovative things.

Down At The Cross :: essays research papers

In â€Å"Down at the Cross†, James Baldwin stresses the idea that regardless of race or culture, people are human beings and should be treated equally. Baldwin criticizes racial issues. Baldwin talks about how whites and blacks don’t understand each other because both have insecurities, fears, and prejudices within their own culture that they can’t understand each other. Baldwin proposes the idea that â€Å"people can renew themselves at the fountain of their own lives† (54). This process of renewal means that people of any culture or color may eventually find a path to understanding and cooperating with each by searching within themselves. In â€Å"Communication in a Global Village†, Dean Barnlund believes that there is problem with communication in society because people of different cultures can’t communicate with each other. Barnlund criticizes that people tend to attach and associate with their own kind and do not want to branch out to learn and communicate with people of other cultures. Barnlund believes that in order for society to flourish and succeed, people must appreciate other cultures and realize that expanding knowledge of other cultures will contribute to a wholesome life. Barnlund would say that the appreciation, interaction, and understanding of other cultures are the processes of â€Å"renewal†. Robert Bellah believes that people isolate themselves from others. Bellah expresses how people tend to separate their â€Å"private† and â€Å"public† lives. He believes that this is a problem because if people keep their private life separate from public life, they will not lead a fulfilling life. Bellah believes that as private and public lifestyles interact with each other, together they create the essence to a nourishing and productive life. Bellah takes different subjects and describes details from their lives about how they â€Å"renewed† themselves by relating their private l ife to their public life. All of the authors portray social criticisms, identify the problems, and propose solutions that find ways of renewal for an individual’s life. Barnlund states, Access to the world view and the communicative style of other cultures may not only enlarge our own way of experiencing the world but enable us to maintain constructive relationships with societies that operate a according to a different logic than our own. (66) Barnlund believes that if people learn aspects of other cultures, people will be able to maintain associations and communications between different cultures within a society. The meaning of appreciation of other cultures is what Barnlund specifies as the survival of a global village.

Demographic Winter and Its Effects on the Society Essay

Concept Paper Final Draft: â€Å"Demographic Winter and Its Effect on Society† For years, people have in mind that the world’s population has been increasing annually. While it is true that a daily increment of 215,060 and yearly growth of 1.10% is happening on our world population of 7,174,592,903 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, population Estimates, and Projections Sections), the demographic trend is actually changing in contrast to the beliefs of many. Historical events that occurred in the past, particularly the World Wars, have paved the way for the eradication of a large portion of mankind, but it also resulted to population explosion. The Baby Boom, a demographic phenomenon in Western countries, rose to fame wherein rapid growth in population was recorded around 1960s. This is usually ascribed within certain geographical bounds and when the number of annual births exceeds 2 per 100 women (or approximately 2% of the total population size) (Wikimedia Foudation, Inc). As the paper progresses, such belief will be proven as a myth these days. In 1968, Stanford University Professor Paul R. Ehrlich published the controversial book, The Population Bomb which warned of the mass starvation of humans in the 1970s and 1980s due to overpopulation. People grew scared of the idea of a population explosion and its detrimental effects to society. As they acquired the paradigm that babies are burden, a trend not to be sexually active anymore in Western countries was created. This, in turn, resulted to a new demographic occurrence called by demographers as Demographic Winter. Demographic winter is a global phenomenon characterized by population decline in birth rates. The term â€Å"nuclear winter,† popularized in the 1980s, alluded to the catastrophic environ mental impact of a nuclear war. The long-term consequences of demographic winter could be equally devastating (Feder). The Total Fertility Rate, the expected number of children born per woman in her child-bearing years of 2.1, is said to be the point of equilibrium in which a country’s population is neither growing nor decreasing. Essentially, a woman must replace herself and a man. This TFR is important because this only shows that an average woman is able to produce  2.1 children during her lifetime which is needed because some children die before maturity and also to stabilize the number of the population. (Fluctuating Fertility: The Baby Boom and the Baby Bust). When the Total Fertility Rate of a State is 2.1 births per woman who has reached the end of her productive life (that is around 50 years old), the Net Production Rate is 1, that is to say, the state has reach population age stability. When it is not, or is less than the nation’s previous TFR, the nation undergoes the phenomenon called demographic winter. (Fluctuating Fertility: The Baby Boom and the Baby Bust). Although demographic winter is a global incident, geography and the country’s economic status are underlying factors that contributed to what extent and to which nations such an event would occur. Demographic winter is currently more evident in developed countries such as in Europe, Australia, East Asia (Japan) and North America (U.S.), whose populations were the first to mature. Maturity here is defined as the average age of the population relative to the economic development of society. These countries also suffered the worst depopulation during the World Wars and experienced rapid population growth after (Yew). We shall focus more on these countries as we elaborate the concept of demographic winter for the cases which will be mentioned later applies more to their population trends. Of the 1 0 countries with the lowest birth rates, 9 are in Europe. Overall, the European fertility rate is 1.3, well below replacement level (2.1). No European nation has a replacement-level birth rate. Italy’s fertility rate is 1.2. Spain’s is 1.1 (Feder). That means, in the not-too-distant future, these countries will lose half of their people in every generation. Russia’s birth rate fell from 2.4 in 1990 to 1.17 today – a decline of more than 50% in less than 20 years. Each year, there are more abortions than live births in the Russian Federation (Demographic Winter). In U.S. alone, Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is almost 3.5 in the early 1960s, then began declining sharply — to below 3.0 in 1965, to about 2.5 (and temporarily holding steady) in the late 1960s, and down to about 1.8 by the mid-1970s. Hence, the TFR fell by almost half between the early 1960s and the mid-1970s. After a decade of stability at a level of about 1.8, the total fertility rate rose slowly after 1986, reaching 2.08 in 1990. It presently st ands at a little over 2, just slightly below the replacement level of 2.11 (Fluctuating Fertility: The Baby Boom and the Baby Bust). Japan’s TFR has continued to fall since dropping below 2.0 in 1975. It slumped to an all-time low of 1.26 in 2005. The number of babies born in the nation in 2012 fell by 13,705 from the previous year to hit a new low of 1,037,101 (Durden). With such data on hand, we now ask: â€Å"what are the factors that led to demographic winter?† According to the documentary film Demographic Winter: a Decline of the Human Family, fertility decline is caused by (1) economic prosperity, (2) sexual revolution, (3) women in the labour force, (4) Divorce revolution, and (5) inaccurate assumptions. As developed countries continue to rise in their economic status, a paradigm shift among members of the labour force occurs. Previously, babies are considered as blessings and investments by parents. Nowadays, they are viewed by parents as an added expense and burden to them. As standards of living in the urban areas of different countries continue to increase, life becomes harder to sustain. An added mouth to feed is just something that can’t be considered especially by realists. Richer countries want to invest and spend their money on adults, the more affluent, whom they can use for further economic development than children. Sexual revolution is also eyed as a contributing factor wherein Feminism is evident. The number of women in their 20s who had a child in 2012 decreased by 16,200 from the previous year, while the number of births among women aged from 35 to 39 and from 40 to 44 increased by a combined total of about 8,700. As more women are empowered and gain equal treatment in education and employment, they now opt to join the labour force, the corporate world and pursue career paths than devoting themselves to family life. Growing valuable time of working mothers constructed the mindset that they don’t want children, they want jobs instead. The labor force participation rates among married women with children, particularly young children, have been steadily increasing since 1970. In 1985, nearly half of all women with children under age 18 were in the labor force, as compared with less than 40 percent in 1970 (Hayghe). Moreover, the declines in fertility rates, as well as declines in family size, increasing childlessness, and delayed childbearing have freed many women to pursue employment opportunities outside the home. Completed family size, for example, decreased from 2.4 children in 1970 to 1 .7 in 1984 among white women, and from 3.1 to 2.2 children among blacks (U.S. Department of Health And Human Services). With the increase of participation of women in  the labour force, an inverse reciprocal in the fertility rates is also observed. Along with sexual revolution and the greater involvement of women on the labour force, divorce revolution can be viewed as a related contributing factor to the decline of fertility rates. With more women gaining financial and social capabilities in the society, marriage is now viewed as something superficial especially with the legalization of divorce in developed countries such as the United States. Not only has marriage been increasingly pushed to a late age, but once accomplished, marriages are more likely to end in divorce than at any previous time in History. Preston and McDonald (1979) estimated that although 16% of all marriages in the United States in 1915 ended in divorce, 36% of the 1964 marriages will end that way. However, by 1988, the data were suggesting a levelling off at about 43% of marriages ending in divorce (Schoen and Weinick). The Un ited States is certainly not unique in experiencing an increase in divorce probabilities. William Goode, in his book World Revolution and Family Patterns (1993), compiled data for Europe showing that throughout the said continent the percentage of marriages that will end in divorce virtually doubled between 1970 and the mid- 1980s. For example, in Germany in 1970 it is estimated that 16% of marriages would end in divorce, increasing to 30% in 1985. In France, the increase went from 12% to 31% during that same period of time. Australia has experienced similar trends (Weeks). With the said increase in the number of divorce cases, an inverse reciprocal for the fertility rate equals. Thus, divorce revolution is a cause of demographic winter. And lastly, the main culprit for all the causes of demographic winter is the inaccurate assumption made from the increasing population. As mentioned earlier in this paper, Stanford University professor Paul Ehrlich’s controversial book â€Å"The Population Bomb† propagated the idea that the rapid increase in population will eventually lead to population explosion causing food shortage. Such occurrence according to him cannot be sustained by the global community. Malthusian Theory stating that human population grows exponentially while food production grows at an arithmetic rate, made people including Ehrlich that such insustainability and shortage in resources is truly imminent. The predictions came true but not exactly as Ehrlich perceived it. The effects are mainly unfelt in the developed world and food production grew exponentially at a rate higher than population growth in  both developed and developing countries. Food per capita is the highest in history. During the greatest population-growth period in human history, food became cheaper and more abundant (prices dropped up to 70%). Population gro wth rates, on the other hand, significantly slowed down especially in the developed world (Erlich). The sad reality at present is this misconception still lingers on the thoughts of the educated ones. This now resulted to interference of government to population growth by creating and implementing policies that aims to decrease rates of population growth. Examples are Reproductive Health Act in U. S. and One-child policy in China and Singapore. The biggest impact on fertility from the pill was from eliminating â€Å"unwanted pregnancies† by 70% of married woman (Demographic Winter: The New Economic Reality). Secularization is also a factor that affects fertility rates. The anti-Christian, anti-family ideology which can be rooted to the Marxist view of activists currently sweeping across most of Western civilisation has precipitated a culture of death that is slowly but inexorably killing off the human family. Those who believe about meaning of life have children. Those who don’t, don’t (Feder). We can therefore say that all aspects of modernity work against fam ily life and is in favour of singleness, having a small family, or opting to have no child at all. Add up to that none of these problems can be easily fixed. It’s who we are and what we’ve become increasingly in these modern times. But the question here that remains is, if we are experiencing demographic winter, why is that population continues to grow? This now can be attributed to the Alternatives of developed countries to compensate for their declining population which is immigration (esp. on Europe and Australia) (Demographic Winter: The New Economic Reality). Also, the issue of ageing population comes in. What we currently perceive is that death rate is less compared to before. Less people are born but also lesser die thus creating that aged population. Given the origin, definition and causes of demographic winter, let us now focus to its effects on society. This can now be classified into (1) biological, (2) political, and to the (3) economy. However, these can be inter-related. Research has shown that demographics can have a significant impact on countries’ stability, governance, economic development and the well-being of its people (Population Action International). As stated earlier, an ageing population is an issue that can be attributed to  biological effects of demographic winter. In 1998, there was a 48-year lag between births and peak spending of those individuals. Japan is one of the countries to first experience demographic winter after the world war for they did not experience the Baby Bomb, unlike U.S. Developed countries will have this age trap or the said modern inverted pyramid wherein number of grandparents is greater than the number of children. This is in contrast to the trend before wherein the number of children is greater than the grandparents’. With this occurrence, the children will not be able to sufficiently take care of the old due to lack of number. Also, some countries might cease to exist. There are fifty-nine (59) nations, namely, Russia, China, Spain, Portugal, Canada, Italy, Germany, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong, (Central Inteligence Agency) – with 44% of the world’s population – th at are now experiencing below-replacement birth rates. Worldwide, there are 6 million fewer children (under age 6) today than there were in 1990. The United Nations estimates that if current trends continue, by 2050 there will be 248 million fewer children (under age 5) than there are now. Overall, Europe’s fertility rate is 1.3; a birth rate of 2.1 is needed just to replace current population. In this century, countries such as Italy, Spain, Russia and even France could cease to exist – at least as they’re currently constituted. Demographer Philip Longman (author of The Empty Cradle: How Falling Birth rates Threaten World Prosperity) observes: The on-going global decline in human birth rates is the single most powerful force affecting the fate of nations and the future of society in the 21st century. â€Å"Demographic winter is a great predictor of a country’s fate and future because children are essential for a country’s economic survival,† Longman added. As Japan’s population has aged beyond 48 years old, its consumer spending has steadily declined. Here now enters the effects to economy. Never in history is an ageing population able to develop a prosperous economy (Demographic Winter: The New Economic Reality). Why? The ratio of young to old will shift dramatically and wreak havoc upon existing social security and healthcare systems. The economy at large may also suffer, as the elderly cease spending and a smaller generation of workers is crippled by the taxes needed to support their parents. â€Å"The world this will bring about, according to the filmmakers, is bleak: grandparents left untended and alone in the streets of Europe as intergenerational bonds are  shattered; the potential desolation of small countries such as Latvia, and a worldwide depression that will touch even those countries that don’t disappear under the sheath of snow that the film shows blanketing the entire globe.† (Joyce). So argues Harry S. Dent, Jr., an economist who specializes in â€Å"demographic-based economic forecasting,† and who predicts that the West will follow Japan’s aging population bust. Politically, demographic winter can be associated with the voting body. A political analysis said that political preference reveals that the metaphorical eggs of Republicans rest entirely in one basket: the vote s of older white people. According to the exit polls conducted by the New York Times of the 2012 presidential election, Republican nominee Mitt Romney won 59 percent of white voters, and 56 percent of voters over age 65. The intersection of those two areas is the demographic base of the Republican Party, and it is dying. Markos Moulitsas posited that conservatives’ endeavours to weaken the social safety net have made it harder for these seniors who comprise the Republican base to stay alive (Atkins). While some may still debunk and not accept the fact that such phenomenon is happening, it just happens, and will still continue despite of us shunning the thought of it. Demographic winter is no joke. Further neglect of the declining rates of population growth will soon not only affect political, biological, and economic aspects of society but may also jeopardize even the existence of mankind in the future. I value intellectual integrity and the highest standards of academic conduct. I am committed to an ethical learning environment that promotes a high standard of honor in scholastic work. Academic dishonesty undermines institutional integrity and threatens the academic fabric of the University of the Philippines. And because I believe that dishonesty is not an acceptable avenue to success, I aff ix my signature to this work to affirm that it is original and free of cheating and plagiarism, and does not knowingly furnish false information.† ______________________________ Mary Philline Descalzo Works Cited Atkins, Dante. Daily Kos. 23 June 2013. Web. 29 August 2013. . Central Inteligence Agency. The World Fact Book. n.d. Web. 12 September 2013. . Demographic Winter. n.d. Web. 29 August 2013. . Demographic Winter. Demographic Winter: The New Economic Reality. 2011. Web. 29 August 2013. . Durden, Tyler. Japanese Birth Rate Plunges To Record Low As Death-Rate Hits Record High. 7 June 2013. web. 29 August 2013. . Erlich, Paul R. The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine Books, 1968. Print. 29 August 2013. Feder, Don. Demographic Winter. 5 March 2008. Web. 29 August 2013. . Fluctuating Fertility: The Baby Boom and the Baby Bust. n.d. Web. 29 August 2013. . Gone for Goode. Dir. Barry Levinson. Perf. Ned Beatty, Richard Belzer, Andre Braugher, Wendy Hughes, Clark Johnson, Yaphet Kotto, Melissa Leo, Jon Polito, Kyle Secor Daniel Baldwin. 1993. Web. Goode, William Josiah. World Revolution and Family Patterns. New York: Free Press, 1963. Document. Hayghe, Howard. â€Å"Rise in mothers’ labor force participation includes those with young children.† Monthly Labor Review (1986): 43-45. Print. 29 August 2013. Joyce, Kathryn. Kathryn Joyce. n.d. Web. 29 August 2013. Population Action International. Topic  » Population Trends and Demography. 2012. Web. 29 August 2013. . Schoen, Robert and Robin M. Weinick. â€Å"The Slowing Metabolism of Marriage: Figures from 1988 U.S. Marital Status Life Tables.† Demography 30 (1993): 737-746. Document. 29 August 2013. . U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Vital and Health Statistics. Primary Research Report. National Center for Health Statistics. Hyattsville, Maryland: DHHS Publication, 1986. Web. 29 August 2013. . United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, population Estimates, and Projections Sections. United Nations. n.d. Web. 29 August 2013. Weeks, John R. â€Å"Population and Contemporary Issues.† Weeks, John R. Population: an Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Ed. Eve Howard. Sixth. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1996. 338. Print. 29 August 2013. Wikimedia Foudation, Inc. Baby Boom. 25 July 2013. web. 29 August 2013. Wikimedia Foudat ion, Inc. The Population Bomb. 25 August 2013. web. 29 August 2013. Yew, Lee Kuan. Warning Bell for Developed Countries: Declining Birth Rates. 25 April 2012. Web. 29 August 2013. .

Dysprosium Facts - Element 66 or Dy

Dysprosium is a silver  rare earth metal  with  atomic number  66 and  element symbol  Dy. Like other rare earth elements, it has many applications in modern society. Here are interesting dysprosium facts, including its history, uses, sources, and properties. Dysprosium Facts Paul Lecoq de Boisbaudran identified dysprosium in 1886, but it wasnt isolated as a pure metal until the 1950s by Frank Spedding. Boisbaudran named the element dysprosium from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to get. This reflects the difficulty Boisbaudran had separating the element from its oxide (it took over 30 attempts, still yielding an impure product).At room temperature, dysprosium is a bright silver metal that slowly oxidizes in air and readily burns. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife. The metal tolerates machining so long as it isnt overheated (which can lead to sparking and ignition).While most of the properties of element 66 are comparable to those of other rare earth, it has unusually high magnetic strength (as does holmium). Dy is ferromagnetic at temperatures below 85K  (−188.2  Ã‚ °C). Above this temperature, it transitions to a helical antiferromagnetic state, yielding to ​a disordered paramagnetic state at  179  K (−94  Ã‚ °C).Dysprosium, like related elements, does not occur free in nature. It is found in several minerals, including xenotime and monazite sand. The element is obtained as a by-product of yttrium extraction using a magnet or flotation process followed by ion exchange displacement to obtain either dysprosium fluoride or dysprosium chloride. Finally, the pure metal is obtained by reacting the halide with calcium or lithium metal.The abundance of dysprosium is  5.2  mg/kg in the Earths crust and 0.9  ng/L in sea water.Natural element 66 consists of a mixture of seven stable isotopes. The most abundant is Dy-154 (28%). Twenty-nine radioisotopes have been synthesized, plus there are at least 11 metastable isomers.Dysprosium is used in nuclear control rods for its high thermal neutron cross-section, in data storage for its high magnetic susceptibility, in magnetostrictive materials, and in rare earth magnets. It is combined with other elements as a source of infrared radiation, in dosimeters, and to make high strength nanofibers. The trivalent dysprosium ion displays interesting luminescence, leading to its use in lasers, diodes, metal halide lamps, and phosphorescent materials.Dysprosium serves no known biological function. Soluble dysprosium compounds are mildly toxic if ingested or inhaled, while insoluble compounds are considered non-toxic. The pure metal presents a hazard because it reacts with water to form flammable hydrogen and reacts with air to ignite. Powdered Dy and thin Dy foil can explode in the presence of a spark. The fire cannot be extinguished using water. Certain dysprosium compounds, including its nitrate, will ignite upon contact with human skin and other organic materials. Dysprosium Properties Element Name: dysprosium Element Symbol: Dy Atomic Number: 66 Atomic Weight:  162.500(1) Discovery:  Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886) Element Group: f-block, rare earth, lanthanide Element Period: period 6 Electron Shell Configuration:  [Xe] 4f10  6s2 (2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2) Phase: solid Density:  8.540  g/cm3 (near room temperature) Melting Point:  1680  K   (1407  Ã‚ °C, 2565  Ã‚ °F) Boiling Point:  2840  K (2562  Ã‚ °C, 4653  Ã‚ °F) Oxidation States:  4,  3, 2, 1 Heat of Fusion: 11.06 kJ/mol Heat of Vaporization: 280 kJ/mol Molar Heat Capacity:  27.7  J/(mol ·K) Electronegativity:  Pauling  scale: 1.22 Ionization Energy:  1st:  573.0  kJ/mol,  2nd:  1130  kJ/mol,  3rd:  2200  kJ/mol Atomic Radius: 178 picometers Crystal Structure: hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Magnetic Ordering: paramagnetic (at 300K)