Ficial Metro Last Light Soundtrack - 1493 Words

The official Metro: Last Light soundtrack was composed by Ukraine composer Alexey Omelchuk. Omelchuk is famous for composing music for video games such as Alexander, Cossacks II: Napoleonic Wars, Heroes of Annihilated Empires, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat, Metro 2033 and most recently Metro: Last Light. He was working with GSC Game World, and after the company was dissolved in 2011, he went to worked one of its successor 4A Games. The original soundtrack for Metro: Last Light with 64 tracks, more that 2 and a half hour of music was released by Sumthing Else Music Works in 2013. The majority of the music is orchestral-based with electronic elements, as well as dark ambient, electro rock (These tracks†¦show more content†¦So the music is trying to mimic this, with a lots of metaphor, and parallel ideas. For instance one of the main instrument the composer uses the most, is the acoustic/electronic guitar (the main/solo instrument of the main theme is the guitar as well), as the guitar is the most important thing of the people in the Metro (we could see a lot of guitar in the Metro game s spiritual successor the S.T.A.L.K.E.R. series, the guitar soon became the symbol of hope, in both series.) In term of melody, the whole soundtrack offers us, a big selection of different melodies, which are heavily influenced by the main theme. We can put it that way, most of the track, are heavily influenced by the main theme, making a huge idà ©e fixe motif-chain. The idà ©e fixe , is a leitmotif kind of thing, but also very different from it. The leitmotif was basically invented by Richard Wagner (1813- 1883) during the composition of The Ring tetralogy, as he was using motifs for every person, object, feeling creating a huge composition of melodies connected to each other, under the concept of the Endless Melody (This concept was invented by Wagner during the composition of Tannhà ¤user , the basic idea was to create a new opera-standard, not using the aria-recitativo, structure, instead there are no dividing line at each area,

Managerial Finance Annual Report and Accounts

Question: Describe about the Managerial Finance of Annual Report and Accounts. Answer: Introduction ASOS Plc is an international fashion stop for young people, founded in the year 2000 and headquartered in London, England. ASOS is a British beauty and online store that aims to offer more than 80,000 branded and self-brand items with the assistance of web encounters and localized mobile from their respective centers situated in United States, China, United Kingdom, and Europe to near about every place in the world (ASOS, 2015). In relation to the financial year 2015, the company was in an advantageous position in the year because it reported an enhancement of around eighty percent of sales in United Kingdom that includes around twelve percent of enhancement in global sales accompanies with steady profits. ASOS has adopted various effective steps to meet the satisfaction of its customers and has framed strategies to enhance its technology developments that have further assisted in attaining the major goals of the company (ASOS, 2015). The consumer involvement of the company continues to be effectively high and developing each year. Furthermore, the motive of the company remains firm in becoming the number one fashionable spot for people especially in the twenties (Deegan, 2011). Computation of 5 Key Ratio Profitability Ratio These ratios are a class of economical metrics that are utilized to evaluate the ability of a business to generate revenues or earnings compared to its costs and other associated expenses incurred during a particular period of time. Return on assets Return on assets is an indicator of how profitable a company is associated to its total assets. It offers an idea as to how effective management is at utilizing its assets to generate earnings. It is computable by dividing the total annual earnings of a company by its total assets and depicted as a percentage. Therefore, higher return on assets ratio signifies better use of assets by a company. Return on Assets 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Net Income (I) 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 Assets (II) 4,77,897 3,79,963 3,11,751 2,06,278 1,36,168 Return on Assets (I/II) 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.05 0.08 Net Profit Margin This ratio computes the earnings or revenues made by a company as a percentage of the total sales achievable by it. Therefore, higher the distinctions between the revenues and expenses, more is the companys net profit (Christensen, 2011). Thus, net profit margin ratio is very beneficial in ascertaining the capability of a company to enhance its earnings without enhancing its costs in a similar amount. This ratio is computable by dividing the net income of a company by its total sales during a year. The following depicts the net profit margin of ASOS Plc for the past five years: Net Profit Margin 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Net Income (I) 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 Sales Revenue (II) 11,50,788 9,75,470 7,69,396 2,38,023 3,39,691 Net Profit Margin (I/II) 3.20 3.79 5.32 4.16 3.19 Liquidity Ratio This ratio measures the ability of a company to pay off debt obligations and its margin of safety (MOS) through the computation of metrics accompanying the current ratio, operating cash flow ratio, and quick ratio (Choi Meek, 2011). Thus, to sustain smooth operations of the company, it has to maintain a proportion betwixt its liquid assets and non-liquid assets. Current ratio It is the ratio between current assets and current liabilities of a company. The normal standard of a current ratio is usually two, which implies that the assets of a company must be double of its liabilities so that obligations can be easily paid off. Hence, current ratio going below one is very problematic for a company (Davies Crawford, 2012) Current ratio is computable by dividing the current assets of a company by its current liabilities. Current Ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Current Assets (I) 3,37,098 2,60,662 2,33,132 1,47,638 83,809 Current Liabilities (II) 2,37,298 1,85,539 1,51,952 1,00,291 66,848 Current Ratio (I/II) 1.42 1.40 1.53 1.47 1.25 Efficiency ratio This ratio typically applies to banks and in general terms, it implies expenses as a percentage of revenue with a few differences. It is utilized to evaluate how well a company utilizes its liabilities and assets internally (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2011). It can compute the repayment of liabilities, turnover of receivables, basic use of machinery and inventory, etc. It assists an investor to facilitate comparison between two or more companies of similar industry. Earnings per share (EPS) The EPS of a company is the portion of its profit attributable to each outstanding share of common stock. It is computable by dividing the total earnings of a company by its number of equity shares (Fields, 0qq). The Earnings per share of ASOS Plc during the five-year period are as follows: Earnings Per Share 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total Earnings attributable to owners 36,866 36,950 40,928 9,904 10,849 No of Shares 83,034 83,125 81,751 79,078 74,375 Earnings Per Share 44.40 44.45 50.06 12.52 14.59 Solvency Ratio This ratio assists in measuring the capability of a company to meet its long-term debts. Besides, the solvency ratio quantifies the company size after tax income, not accommodating non-cash depreciation costs, as contrasted to a companys net debt obligation (Brealey et. al, 2011). In other words, it assists in evaluating the capital structure of a company. Equity Ratio This ratio is a kind of financial ratio that assists in the computation of amount of assets financed by equity. It measures the proportion of net assets financed by stakeholders, as opposed to creditors. It is computable by dividing the total assets of a company by its total equity (Brigham Daves, 2012). Besides, ASOS does not possess any leverage and hence debt is absent. The following portrays the equity ratio of ASOS during the five-year period: Equity Ratio 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total Equity (I) 2,37,315 1,93,031 1,59,799 1,05,987 72,120 Total Assets (II) 4,77,897 3,79,963 3,11,751 2,06,278 1,36,168 Equity Ratio (I/II) 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.53 Price Earnings Ratio (P/E ratio) In order to compute the Price Earnings ratio of ASOS Plc, it is crucial to consider the share prices of the company and its previous reported earnings. The following depicts the P/E ratio of ASOS based on several sources: Market price per share (equity) = 4,606 (approximately) EPS (Earnings per share) = 44.40 P/E ratio is computable by dividing the price per share by its earnings per share. Therefore, the P/E ratio of ASOS reports at 4606 / 44.40 = 103.74 Since the current P/E ratio of the company reports at around 18 times, it is assumable that an investor is more likely to sacrifice a price that is 103.74 times the EPS of the company. Analysis based on above calculation Profitability Ratio- It is observable that the company has attained significant growth achievements despite the fact that it has not existed for a prolonged period. Furthermore, its net profit margin ranges from 3%-5% that is a good indicator. The ROTA of ASOC has also been firm and it is noticeable that the company is striving to develop with every surpassing year. Both the net profit margin and ROTA was at maximum in 2013. Liquidity- The current ratio of ASOS reports around 1.5 every year that is not very beneficial but at the same time, not so dangerous to its liquidity. It is assumable that the companys liquidity is in a moderate zone. Efficiency- EPS of the company assists in determining its efficiency. It is observable that EPS has enhanced since the past five years that signifies successful implementation of strategies, thereby facilitating in better earnings of the company. Investment- The capital structure of the company refers to its investment and it is observable that its capital structure is free from debt. This means that the company operations are conducted through the funds obtained from issue of shares (Albrecht et. al, 2011). Besides, the solvency of ASOS Plc relies on its capital structure. However, the equity ratio of ASOS is also firm during the five years, which signifies adequate maintenance of investment in equity and assets in a same proportion that has facilitated in sustenance of equity ratio to be around 0.50. ASOS Plcs movement of share prices during 2014-2015 The below-mentioned graph portrays the movement of share price of ASOS during 2014-2015. It is observable that the company share prices vary from 4,194 GBP to 1,785 GBP in the year. Besides, the decline in share prices was noticeable in the beginning months after which the company made a huge leap and attained its maximum in the month of April 2015 that reported share price at 3000 GBP (ASOS Plc, 2016). Conclusion It is observable that the aggregate performance of the company is quite good despite the fact that it has been in operation for only sixteen years and still, it has managed to attain impressive outcomes. Furthermore, the company has played a key role in adequate satisfaction of investors through appropriate implementation of the strategies. This signifies the core strength and fundamentals of the company that has allowed it to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Thus, ASOS Plc is clearly to perform with better outcomes in the upcoming future and the investors can continue investment in the company for obtaining better returns. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. ASOS 2015, ASOS Annual Report and accounts 2015, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.asosplc.com/investors/results-reports/2015.aspx ASOS Plc 2016, ASOS share price information, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.asosplc.com/investors/shareprice-information/shareprice-chart.aspx Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Brigham, E.F. Ehrhardt, M.C 2011, Financial Management: Theory and Practice, USA: Cengage Learning. Choi, R.D. Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson . Christensen, J 2011, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Davies, T. Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M 2011, In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Fields, E 2011, The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers, New York: American Management Association.

Mongol Influences in China and Russia Essay Example

Mongol Influences in China and Russia Essay From the first explosion of Mongol military might from the steppes of central Asia in the early decades of the 13th century to the death of Timur in1405, the nomads of central Asia made a last, stunning return to center stage in world history. The Mongols brought about changes in countryside economics, the power of the states, and overall trade, with similarities and differences in the two states respectively. Mongol influences and culture trends can still be observed in Russia as well as China today.The Mongols were regarded as a cruel and vicious people, but changes caused by Mongolian rule in the subjugated countries, including advances in science and technology, were mostly well natured. The Mongols completely reformed several countries in the Middle East and Asia, with political as well as economic change. The Mongol era helped unite China and formed the Yuan and Ming Empire. The Mongols caused many political changes within China and Russia. Mongol rule brought about many power changes and reforms in both states.In Russia and China, the Khans, referred to as â€Å"Great Leaders†, ruled after initial conquest, causing a shift in the central power of the government. The Mongols destroyed cities and government rule in both nations, despite most cities’ initial surrender. Because the Mongols rulers wished for quick access to control in both countries, the Chinese capital was moved to Beijing where it became the center of politics and commerce in China as well as Southeast Asia.In Russia, the Mongols allied itself with the Orthodox Church and fused government and church, giving the church more political power. In addition to changes in the politics of China and Russia, the Mongols had great effects on trade and economics as well. While China managed to export large amounts of silk and porcelain and become a trading center, Russia’s economy crashed and the country had to restart with agriculture.However, both nations experienced positive eff ects, especially trade routes that facilitated exchange, promoted religion and enabled international trade. The East and West were finally connected through the Silk Road. Also, with China’s population decreasing during Mongol Rule, the state was ironically united, whereas Russia was divided and forced to base its economies on agriculture. In both cases, the economy of the countryside suffered due to little pay and excessive amounts of work pressed upon farmers.Paper money began to spread in Russia and China, causing inflation. Mongolian rulers and conquerors also horded precious metals, depriving the economy from them. The Mongol era brought about positive economic changes as well as negative reforms. The East and West Worlds were finally connected by series of routes, and trade, religion, goods, and ideas were able to spread. Great cities such as Beijing were formed while others were destroyed. Effective and ineffective forms of government in the Mongol Era made helped pave way for other governments.Even though the Mongol Empire collapsed a long time ago, and the Mongolian state is relatively small, Mongolian influences are still effective in Russia and China as well as other parts of the world. With political, economical and religious influences in the once conquered states, the Mongol Era was truly remarkable in its ability to change and reform other countries. Mongol rule could be called either good or bad, but there is no doubt that it has a great effect on us today. This once vast empire has left its mark permanently on the current world as well as the future.

COLLEGE ESSAY WRITING SERVICE

COLLEGE ESSAY WRITING SERVICE A 100% plagiarism papers is the policy of our company. Being a profound college essay writing service that works fine over 10 years on the market, the recent studies have showed that book reports are being ordered quite often. We have to admit that reading all the books that are being assigned to the students is practically impossible, yet, the book report papers must be written and submitted on time. While of course reading summaries might provide some information, it is better to look for other sources or expert writers who know the book content well. In this case, your book report will be affective, plagiarism free and 100% safe. Finding or generating the book report ideas is easier when you know the content of the chosen book. But you always have to remember that professional assistance is here and a professional writer will do a great writing job for you. Relevant content and right book report format should be closely guideline in your writing strategy. For all additional requests and information, make sure to talk to the 24/7 customer service support. COLLEGE ESSAY WRITING SERVICE Being in college or university is highly demanding for all of us. Not only we have to grasp the knowledge and to obtain the skills we may never heard of, but also we are required to get the best marks possible. While some students may not agree, schooling today is really a tough job. Studying hard is a 24/7 demand and we have to be prepared for that. When you start to go to college, a whole burden of various studies falls onto your shoulders. We may joke around that it is not for us, but we have made a conscious choice of entering college and whether we enjoy it or not. In case, you find yourself in an urgent need for help, college essay writing service can become really handy. If you have already written a half of the paper, you can request our professional writers to finish it up and to edit the first half of the paper as well.   You may encounter that you have been given to write a research paper or cause and effect essay. Once again you have an option to request assistance and we will deliver the necessary college essay writing in no time. If you have any specific questions, don’t hesitate to talk to our 24/7 friendly customer service representative, and he will be able to address all questions you may have.

Air Pollution or Endocrine Disrupters Research Paper

Air Pollution or Endocrine Disrupters - Research Paper Example Such disruptions manifest among humans with most affectations in the male and female reproduction systems. The US EPA has set forth the screening of thousand of chemicals in order to screen endocrine disruptors before they are introduced to the human body. This screening program has proven to be problematic because of the bulk of chemicals which have to be screened. There are thousands of disruptors which have to be tested and testing them cannot adequately be carried out without incurring high costs which the government agencies and laboratories cannot afford. Nevertheless, these tests help establish clear guidelines and standards for government officials and the general public in the assessment of these products and their use by the general public. There are advantages and disadvantages to these tests; mostly these tests are advantageous because they help determine the health impact of chemicals to the general health of the population. The validation of chemicals and the investigat ion of the disruptor effects to the endocrine system can be determined through in vitro and in vivo assays. However, carrying out these tests can also be disadvantageous because of the practical considerations for testing. In effect, there is a need for the government to be more prudent and selective in the programs it would implement to evaluate these chemicals. Moreover, people also need to be more cautious about the chemicals they use because they can have negative impacts on both humans and animals. Introduction We are currently in the midst of an era where we are facing various environmental issues. The Global Warming phenomenon has been explained and explored by various experts and politicians as a major cause of concern to our planet because of its growing impact on all living things. One of these issues pertains to air pollution and their effects to our human physiology. Air pollution largely affects our respiratory system because chemical and air-borne toxins enter our body through inhalation. The respiratory system then helps to process the inhaled gases while exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen which is crucial to our survival. This paper shall consider the role of air pollution in terms of chemical endocrine disruptors which mimic the hormone in our bodies. These chemicals seem to interfere with the actions of hormones – mimicking behavior and upsetting normal growth, behavior, and reproduction of wildlife. This paper shall explain how endocrine disruptors enter the cells. It shall evaluate if these compounds also harm people and how they affect the human body. This paper shall also discuss the pros and cons of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) screening thousands of chemicals that are used as endocrine disruptors before they are introduced to the human body. It shall discuss this student’s opinion on whether EPA is right in conducting the screening. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehens ive assessment of these endocrine disruptors and their impact on the human body. Body There are various chemical toxins which enter the lungs and the respiratory system and which affect the endocrine and the normal processes of our body. Some of these chemicals are known as endocrine disruptors. These chemicals are often seen in our daily use products, including â€Å"plastic bottles, metal food cans, detergents, flame retardants, food, toys, cosmetics, and pesticides†

E-BUSINESS INDIVIDUAL REPORT WITH A WEBSITE Essay

E-BUSINESS INDIVIDUAL REPORT WITH A WEBSITE - Essay Example Official websites play the role of public relations for the business establishments. Their customers have direct connection to the company and feel better informed when they access the official websites. Internet has also opened up a new concept of business operation, the click concept or rather the online shop concept. Gone are the days when to launch a product a brick and mortar model was required. The new trend in the market is the online marketing of products. The click and mortar model of e- business is preferred by many now. Products are shown in these websites with their properties and price range. The customer is able to choose from the options and order the product. The payment is done online and the product is delivered at home. Thus, completely removing the cost incurred in having a brick establishment. Having a proper shop in mall or in a commercial area is a very costly affair but the new trend in the market has made it a complimentary service rather than an essential se rvice. The spread of internet in the globe across has brought this remarkable change. Most people have access to internet in their daily lives and are more accessible through internet (Weill and Vitale, 2001, p.7-9) Business Literature on e-business Internet has indeed condensed the boundaries amongst the countries across the globe. Making promotion in other countries very easy. Doing business in other countries is also become easier due to easy mode of online payment. Shipment from across the globe has also become a very conceivable concept. Making it easier for business establishments to do business online. The main focus when a company makes their website should be, to create attention amongst target audience. The website has to be informative and attention grabbing in a right sense. Attention of customers looking for the particular product on the internet has to be first caught. The website therefore needs to be appealing to the target audience. Viral marketing is a very new con cept. For websites the term used is SEM, search engine marketing. The basic goal of SEM is to promote a certain webpage by increasing the traffic of the website. This can be done either developing the content of the website in such a way that the hits on the website is maximised. The first step for any website marketing is to make it more visible. Optimisation of search engines provides this facility to the website. Once the attention of the viewing customers is won, then business can be done with them. Certain aspects must be taken care of when websites are designed. It is important for each website in order to get more customers that it appears in the first page of any search engine. Customers often search their requirements in search engines and very few like to go beyond options appearing on the first page. The website also needs to be very informative about the origin of the company, the history behind the company, the products that are available and the extra services given by the company. The website should also have details about the various payment modes accepted by them. These informations are very essential for the customer looking for making an online booking of a product. Display of products on the websit

Learning Organization: Literature Review

Learning Organization: Literature Review Introduction of learning organization A learning organization is an organization that is continually expanding its capacity to create its future. For such an organization, it is not enough to merely survive. Survival learning or what is more often termed adaptive learning is important indeed it is necessary. But for a learning organization adapting learning must be joined by generative learning learning that enhances our capacity to create. Learning organization where people continually expand their capacity to create the result they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free and where people are continually learning to see the whole to gather. Types of learning Level 1:- learning facts, knowledge, processes and know situation procedures apply to know where changes are minor. Level 2:- learning new job skills that are transferable to other situations applies to new situations where existing responses need to be changed bringing in outside expertise is a useful tool here. Leel 3:- learning to adopt-applies to more dynamic situation where the solution need developing experimentation and deriving lessons from success and failure is the mode of learning here. Level 4:- learning to learn-Is about innovation and creativity, designing the future rather than merely adapting to it. This is where assumptions are challenged and knowledge is reframed. Characteristic of a learning organization Learning culture:- An organizational climate that natures learning. There is a strong similarity with those characteristic associated with innovation. Processes:- processes that encourage interaction across boundaries. These are infrastructure, development and management processes, as opposed to business operational processes. Tools and techniques:- method that aid individual and group learning, such as creativity and problem solving techniques. Skills and motivation:- to learn and adapt. The art and practice of the learning organization and the fifth discipline field book: strategies and tools for building ad earning organization explain that there are five disciplines, which must be mustered when introducing such as organization. Systems thinking:- the ability to see the big picture and to distinguish patterns instead of conceptualizing change as isolated event systems thinking needs the other four shift from being unconnected to interconnect to the whole and from blaming our problems on something external to a realization that how we operate our actions can create problems. Personal mastery:- begins by becoming committed to lifelong learning and is the spiritual cornerstone of a learning organization. Personal mastery involves being more realistic, focusing on becoming the personal possible and to strive for a sense of commitment and excitement in our careers to facilitate realization of potential. Mental models:- they must be managed because they do prevent new and powerful insights and organizational practices from becoming implemented. The process begins with self reflection, unearthing deeply held belief structure and generalizations and understand how they dramatically influence the way we operate in our own lives. Until there is realization and focus on openness, real change can never be implementation. Building shared vision:- visions cannot be dictated because it begins with the personal visions of individual employees, who may not agree with the leaders visions what is needed is a genuine visions that elicits commitment in good times and bad and has the power to bind an organization together. Team learning:- is important because currently, modern organization operate on the basis of teamwork, which means that organization cannot learn if team members do not come together and learn. It is a process of developing the ability to create desired results, to have a goal in mind and work together to attain it. Review of literature The literature  I reviewed about learning organization fell in to these categories: The founders Real world definitions and critiques Promoting continuous improvement, innovation, stakeholder collaboration Organization learning and organizational outcomes Todays approaches for building organization learning The founders Where did the concept of a learning organization that helped create and disseminate this concept. In literature and conversation with practitioners the authors whose names came up again and again as founders of sorts of this approaches are peter senge, chris aggris, Donald schon and marguret wheatly also highlighted in this section is shana ratners description of the fundamental shift in learning approaches in the latter half of the 20th century has given rise to exiting new field like organizational learning. Peter senga: peter senga is considered by most to be the father of organizational learning senga is a director at innovation associates a Cambridge consulting firm and advises government and educational leader in centre of global changes like South Africa. Sengas massage of growth and prosperity holds strong appeal for todays business leaders. This research centre at MIT the centre for organizational learning started in 1990 has 18 corporate sponsors, included AT and T, ford, Motorola and feudal express. Each contributes $80,000 a year to create learning organization pilot programme with the help of senga and his colleagues. Senga created something new and powerful by putting them together. Unfortunately, at first glance these ideas can seem ambiguous. As a result only a small percentage of the huge number of people who bought the book has read it and only a small percentage of those have carried out its ideas. To make the learning more accessible to seasoned managers, senga and several co-consultants published. The fifth discipline field book, hands-on work. The field book explains that anyone who wants to be the part of a learning organization must first go through a personal change, senga kleines etal 1994. This means that if some members of the group like to tell people what to do and are to busy to listen they must be willing to change themselves. Senga and his colleagues consult with organizations, where they elaborate set of personal awareness exercise with names like dialogues, the container and the ladder of influence. Chris argyris:- Chris argyris is also lauded for disseminating pioneering ideas about now learning can improve organizational development success. He is probably known for distinguish between learning that challenges the status quo, called singe loop learning. Double loop learning depends on the internal commitment by employees to seek transparency and personal responsibility in the work place for single loop learning, people are good programmed to believe that transparency and truth are good ideas, but only when they are not threatening, he says in this article good communication that blocks learning argyris says that the new but now familiar techniques of corporate communication like focus groups, surveys, management by walking around, can block organization learning even as they help solve certain kinds of problems. These techniques, he explains, promote defensive behaviour by encouraging employees to believe that their proper role is to criticize management while the proper role of management is to take action and fix whatever is wrong. He recommends that managers challenge employees to think constantly and creatively about the needs of organizational. By applying these ideas to individuals or group performance reviews, managers can cr eate an incentive for employees to increase their commitment to continuous non-routine learning and for implementing strategy. Donald A. Section For about 40 years, don schon wrote about and consulted in the field of organizational learning many of schons many schons insights, though not distinguished in the management literature, continue to have a significant on the conceptualization of organizational learning. Schons work can be organized in the four themes:(a)his concept of inquiry as reflection in action.(b)constructing a learning dialectic in organization (c)the practice of learning how to learn and(d)his commitment a new educational paradigm that teaches practitioner how to reflect in action. When compared to the current literature on organizational learning, schons deep integration of knowing and doing can be seen as pioneering work. Must literature on organizational learning over time. According to schons approach, action and reflection should occur at the same time so that learning is necessarily embodied in concrete situation. Some comment that schon does not emphasize how rare it is for persons to solicit feedback about mismatches between their principles and their actions. the fact that such learning may be extraordinarily useful. Margaret whitely: Margaret Whitleys book leadership and the new science learning about organization from an orderly universe has been recognized as introducing a new paradigm for organizational development that involves reintegration of society. (Dennard 1996), (Brown 1993). Wheatley offers these are ideas:- Everything is a constant process of discovery and creating. Life uses messes to get well ordered solutions. Life is intent on finding what works, not what is right. Life creates more possibilities as it engages with opportunities. Life is attracted to order. Life organizes around identity. Everything participates in the creation and evolution of its neighbours. Reflecting on her Wheatley vividly demonstrates how organization is living entities and that learning and change strengthen their structure and their communities. Shana rather an old and new answer to how we learn:-Shana rashers 1997 emerging issues in learning communities offers an insightful description of the fundamental shift in learning approaches in the latter half on the 20th century that is giving rise to existing new field such as learning, collaborative learning and organizational learning. This shift, from thinking of learning as a transaction to learning as a process. This shift eliminates the separation of teacher from student and replaces it with dialogue between teacher and student to encourage joint responsibility for learning and growth. (burkey 1993). Old and new answers to how we learn (ratner 1997) Old answer New answer Knowledge is thing that is transferred from one person to another. Knowledge is objective and certain. Learners receive knowledge. We all learn in the same way. Knowledge is a relationship between the knower and the known: knowledge is created through this relationship. Knowledge is subjective and provisional. Learners create knowledge. There are many different learning styles. LEARNING ORGANIZATION SOUTH WEST ARLINE GOOGLE 3M SOUTH WEST AIRLINE :- Background Southwest Airlines has built its culture and its reputation inside out. Its value a happy workforce, and believes that its 3200 employees will keep customer come back. Since its beginning as a small, three jet airlines, southwest leadership, including co- founder and current board chairman Herbert D. Kelleher and President colleen Barrett, has relied on company values concern, respect and caring for employees and customer. Company Consider Learning Organisation because of following reason:- Company must provide the level of knowledge and information that allows the employees to act like owners. Southwest Airlines provides daily news updates via internet; the CEO records a weekly telephone message for all the employees and the company communicates detailed financial information called knowing the score on quarterly earnings. More than 14% of outstanding shares of stock are held by southwest employees. Southwest communicates with employees everyday through news on their internet every week through a telephone news line, every month with 32 page magazine, every week quarter through the financial knowing the score message very year through a series of town hall meetings. Communicators must nature their corporate culture so that employees understand how their behaviour contributes how their organisation is judged. In its monthly news letter LUV Lines, southwest features employees who have been nominated by their peers for Wining Spirit recognition. These outstanding employees are modelling the type of behaviour that result in a remarkable vs ordinary experience for a customer or follow employees. Learning excellence: Southwest Airline approach A bias for action Close to customer Autonomy and entrepreneurship Productivity through people. Hands on value driven Stick to the knitting Simple from lean staff Simultaneous loose tight properties Southwest Airlines one of the most successful airlines n the low cost market segment is the role model for many other low cost airlines. Like Ryan air and easy set. Five specific elements of southwest Airline are strategy, structure, processes and reward. Processes: Southwest Airlines has an open door tradition. Herb Kelleher is known to stay in the bar until four in the morning with a mechanic to hear what he is got to say. Employees are stimulated to come up with ideas and there receive all the necessary support from their management to try out different things. The on board safety demonstration, which has been turned into a complete act to attain the attention of passengers. Rewards-besides the usual package of secondary employment benefits, like free airline tickets, profit sharing etc. employees of the month election. South west airline has another usual way to pay attention to their work force .In the lobby of SWA corporate headquarter at Dallas love field airport .there is a big port falling messy The people of SWA are the creator of what we have become and what we will be. Our people transformed an idea into a legend .that legend will continue to grow only so long as it is nourished. People-SWA has its own university for people where 25000 new employees are trained every year .the selection criteria for recruitment are much more based on attitude than on knowledge. As a result SWA is now regarded as friend list airline in us. The three important factors-these are those factor that show how SWA manager to keep the spirit high The relationship between management and workforce. The training at university for people decreases hierarchical thinking. Herb Kelleher, one of the founder of SWA and an important leader for the company. His vision, humour and hand on mentality are very inspiring for the entire employee in SWA. Suggestion to SWA Give reward also in the form of profit sharing, give bonus and package plan etc. .It also motivate the employees After studying the whole organisation I come to know that in motivational problem are there so company should have good leadership After herb SWA has not a leader same like him so company should try to make a leader as him which helps the company a lot. Reason of Google as learning organisation- Google is the most goggled company in business today. Just as IBM coca-cola were the best companies in youth and everyone wants to pattern them after Google now. First, it is clear from our research that Google is relying heavily on innovation to grow. The companies hire the best brightest and have created a work environment which is the envy of any generation X and Y employee. Government cafeterias, flexible working conditions and the 20% policy which enable each and every employee to spend up to one day per week working on a special and innovative project of their own. Few companies today can afford to lavish such luxuries on every employee. Second, the company has also built a culture of product innovation. Dozens of new products services are available from Google today engineers are encouraged to continuously newones.engineers who finds bugs in others engineers products are encouraged to check out the code line and suggest a fix. While most of the new products from Google never became market leader, some do. Google finance, Goggle maps Gmail are all products which entered the market with strong entrenched compitition.through innovation and strong execution each of these products have take on tremendous market share in a short part and when the company sees a tremendous market opportunity to enter through acquision. Google takes the plunge(YouTube blogger) Following are the points that consider Google as learning organisation very truly- Greater Motivation The Workforce Is More Flexible. People Are More Creative. Improved Social Interaction. Knowledge Sharing. Interdependency The Breakdown of Traditional Communication Barriers. Customer Relation. Information Resources Innovation Creativity Suggestions- Google should level out the workload Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves you people processes Make decision slowly by consensus through considering all the option and implementing the decision rapidly. Introduction to 3M- At 3M, we pair imaginative thinking with science-based technology to create globally-renowned products. We lead scores of markets: health care, safety, office products, and transportation to name a few. So whats our secret? Its simple: We approach real-world problems with our array of technologies to satisfy customers. Leading this process are some of the worlds best and brightest employees who share a commitment to innovation and excellence Learning environment of 3M 3M is a learning organisation committed to continuous improvement in both the companys result each individuals performance. A learning environment is more than a comprehensive training program. It is a philosophy that says that learning is a part of every employees job every day. Continuous learning gives all employees greater opportunity to realize their potential .in a learning environment the role of the employee is to be a continuous learner, the role of the manager is to reinforce learning model learning behaviour and the role of the company is to create system that allow cross functional knowledge sharing throughout the organisation. 3M supports learning through on the job training, traditional class room setting, online learning functional communication of practice .each employee is responsible for his or her individual growth plan. The goal of our commitment to learning is engaged employee who understand how their action contribute to 3Ms success make decision as if they owned the business. Findings:- The reward system as a learning frame has high effect on learning environment according to employees. There is an equity/balance between efforts and rewards. In SWA organisation new employees are trained every year. In SWA organisation selection criteria for recruitment are much more based on attitude than on knowledge. In Google organization monetary or other incentives are given to employees in order to increase their motivation level. In 3M organization and the relation between employees and managers is good. Employees feel like they work in safe environment. Conclusion After study the whole concept of organisation we learn many things regarding learning organisation. Learning organisation is very wider concept and learning helps organisation to achieve success and create new things. Learning organisation innovate things to world. In this assignment I also study learning organisation like SWA Google. They are the main example of learning organisation these companies gives ideas products. Because of their learning behaviour these companies get success and the growth rate of learning organisation never down because they change their policies when requires. It is good for companies so according to me every company became learning organisation .it is good for economy as well as companies and we get innovative things.